%general-entities; ]> /etc/passwd /etc/group In order for user root to be able to login and for the name root to be recognized, there must be relevant entries in the /etc/passwd and /etc/group files. Create the ${CLFS}/etc/passwd file by running the following command: cat > ${CLFS}/etc/passwd << "EOF" root:x:&uid-root;:&gid-root;:root:/root:/bin/bash messagebus:x:&uid-messagebus;:&gid-messagebus;:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false EOF The actual password for root (the :: used here is just a placeholder and allows you to login with no password) will be set later. bin:x:&uid-bin;:&gid-bin;:bin:/bin:/bin/false Can be useful for compatibility with legacy applications. daemon:x:&uid-daemon;:&gid-daemon;:daemon:/sbin:/bin/false It is often recommended to use an unprivileged User ID/Group ID for daemons to run as, in order to limit their access to the system. adm:x:&uid-adm;:&gid-adm;:adm:/var/adm:/bin/false Was used for programs that performed administrative tasks. lp:x:&uid-lp;:&gid-lp;:lp:/var/spool/lp:/bin/false Used by programs for printing mail:x:&uid-mail;:&gid-mail;:mail:/var/mail:/bin/false Often used by email programs news:x:&uid-news;:&gid-news;:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/false Often used for network news servers operator:x:&uid-operator;:&gid-root;:operator:/root:/bin/bash Often used to allow system operators to access the system postmaster:x:&uid-postmaster;:&gid-mail;:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false Generally used as an account that receives all the information of troubles with the mail server nobody:x:&uid-nobody;:&gid-nogroup;:nobody:/:/bin/false Used by NFS Create the ${CLFS}/etc/group file by running the following command: cat > ${CLFS}/etc/group << "EOF" root:x:0: bin:x:&gid-bin;: sys:x:&gid-sys;: kmem:x:&gid-kmem;: tty:x:&gid-tty;: tape:x:&gid-tape;: daemon:x:&gid-daemon;: floppy:x:&gid-floppy;: disk:x:&gid-disk;: lp:x:&gid-lp;: dialout:x:&gid-dialout;: audio:x:&gid-audio;: video:x:&gid-video;: utmp:x:&gid-utmp;: usb:x:&gid-usb;: cdrom:x:&gid-cdrom;: messagebus:x:&gid-messagebus;: EOF adm:x:&gid-adm;:root,adm,daemon All users in this group are allowed to do administrative tasks console:x:&gid-console;: This group has direct access to the console cdrw:x:&gid-cdrw;: This group is allowed to use the CDRW drive mail:x:&gid-mail;:mail Used by MTAs (Mail Transport Agents) news:x:&gid-news;:news Used by Network News Servers users:x:&gid-users;: The default GID used by shadow for new users nogroup:x:&gid-nogroup;: This is a default group used by some programs that do not require a group nobody:x:&gid-nogroup;: This is used by NFS The created groups are not part of any standard—they are groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Systemd configuration in the final system, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at ) recommends only that, besides the group root with a Group ID (GID) of 0, a group bin with a GID of 1 be present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the group's name.