[02095ae] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> |
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| 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" |
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ |
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| 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent"> |
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| 5 | %general-entities; |
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| 6 | ]> |
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| 7 | |
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| 8 | <sect1 id="ch-scripts-profile"> |
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| 9 | <title>The Bash Shell Startup Files</title> |
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| 10 | <?dbhtml filename="profile.html"?> |
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| 11 | |
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| 12 | <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-profile"> |
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| 13 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/profile">/etc/profile</primary> |
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| 14 | </indexterm> |
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| 15 | |
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| 16 | <para>The shell program <command>/bin/bash</command> (hereafter |
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| 17 | referred to as <quote>the shell</quote>) uses a collection of startup |
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| 18 | files to help create an environment to run in. Each file has a |
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| 19 | specific use and may affect login and interactive environments |
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| 20 | differently. The files in the <filename |
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| 21 | class="directory">/etc</filename> directory provide global settings. |
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| 22 | If an equivalent file exists in the home directory, it may override |
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| 23 | the global settings.</para> |
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| 24 | |
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| 25 | <para>An interactive login shell is started after a successful login, |
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| 26 | using <command>/bin/login</command>, by reading the |
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| 27 | <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. An interactive non-login shell |
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| 28 | is started at the command-line (e.g., |
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| 29 | <prompt>[prompt]$</prompt><command>/bin/bash</command>). A |
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| 30 | non-interactive shell is usually present when a shell script is |
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| 31 | running. It is non-interactive because it is processing a script and |
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| 32 | not waiting for user input between commands.</para> |
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| 33 | |
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| 34 | <para>For more information, see <command>info bash</command> under the |
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| 35 | <emphasis>Bash Startup Files and Interactive Shells</emphasis> section.</para> |
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| 36 | |
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| 37 | <para>The files <filename>/etc/profile</filename> and |
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| 38 | <filename>~/.bash_profile</filename> are read when the shell is |
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| 39 | invoked as an interactive login shell.</para> |
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| 40 | |
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| 41 | <para>The base <filename>/etc/profile</filename> below sets some |
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| 42 | environment variables necessary for native language support. Setting |
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| 43 | them properly results in:</para> |
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| 44 | |
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| 45 | <itemizedlist> |
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| 46 | <listitem> |
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| 47 | <para>The output of programs translated into the native language</para> |
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| 48 | </listitem> |
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| 49 | <listitem> |
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| 50 | <para>Correct classification of characters into letters, digits and |
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| 51 | other classes. This is necessary for <command>bash</command> to |
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| 52 | properly accept non-ASCII characters in command lines in non-English |
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| 53 | locales</para> |
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| 54 | </listitem> |
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| 55 | <listitem> |
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| 56 | <para>The correct alphabetical sorting order for the country</para> |
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| 57 | </listitem> |
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| 58 | <listitem> |
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| 59 | <para>Appropriate default paper size</para> |
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| 60 | </listitem> |
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| 61 | <listitem> |
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| 62 | <para>Correct formatting of monetary, time, and date values</para> |
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| 63 | </listitem> |
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| 64 | </itemizedlist> |
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| 65 | |
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| 66 | <para>This script also sets the <envar>INPUTRC</envar> environment variable |
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| 67 | that makes Bash and Readline use the <filename>/etc/inputrc</filename> file |
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| 68 | created earlier.</para> |
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| 69 | |
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| 70 | <para>Replace <replaceable>[ll]</replaceable> below with the |
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| 71 | two-letter code for the desired language (e.g., <quote>en</quote>) and |
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| 72 | <replaceable>[CC]</replaceable> with the two-letter code for the |
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| 73 | appropriate country (e.g., <quote>GB</quote>). |
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| 74 | <replaceable>[charmap]</replaceable> should be replaced with the |
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| 75 | canonical charmap for your chosen locale.</para> |
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| 76 | |
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| 77 | <para>The list of all locales supported by Glibc can be obtained by running |
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| 78 | the following command:</para> |
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| 79 | |
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| 80 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>locale -a</userinput></screen> |
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| 81 | |
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| 82 | <para>Locales can have a number of synonyms, e.g. <quote>ISO-8859-1</quote> |
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| 83 | is also referred to as <quote>iso8859-1</quote> and <quote>iso88591</quote>. |
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| 84 | Some applications cannot handle the various synonyms correctly, so it is |
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| 85 | safest to choose the canonical name for a particular locale. To determine |
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| 86 | the canonical name, run the following command, where <replaceable>[locale |
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| 87 | name]</replaceable> is the output given by <command>locale -a</command> for |
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| 88 | your preferred locale (<quote>en_GB.iso88591</quote> in our example).</para> |
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| 89 | |
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| 90 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>LC_ALL=<replaceable>[locale name]</replaceable> locale charmap</userinput></screen> |
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| 91 | |
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| 92 | <para>For the <quote>en_GB.iso88591</quote> locale, the above command |
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| 93 | will print:</para> |
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| 94 | |
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| 95 | <screen><computeroutput>ISO-8859-1</computeroutput></screen> |
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| 96 | |
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| 97 | <para>This results in a final locale setting of <quote>en_GB.ISO-8859-1</quote>. |
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| 98 | It is important that the locale found using the heuristic above is tested prior |
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| 99 | to it being added to the Bash startup files:</para> |
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| 100 | |
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| 101 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>LC_ALL=[locale name] locale country |
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| 102 | LC_ALL=[locale name] locale language |
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| 103 | LC_ALL=[locale name] locale charmap |
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| 104 | LC_ALL=[locale name] locale int_curr_symbol |
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| 105 | LC_ALL=[locale name] locale int_prefix</userinput></screen> |
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| 106 | |
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| 107 | <para>The above commands should print the country and language names, the |
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| 108 | character encoding used by the locale, the local currency and the prefix |
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| 109 | to dial before the telephone number in order to get into the country. If |
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| 110 | any of the commands above fail with a message similar to the one shown |
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| 111 | below, this means that your locale was either not installed in Chapter 6 |
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| 112 | or is not supported by the default installation of Glibc.</para> |
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| 113 | |
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| 114 | <screen><computeroutput>locale: Cannot set LC_* to default locale: No such file or directory</computeroutput></screen> |
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| 115 | |
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| 116 | <para>If this happens, you should either install the desired locale using |
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| 117 | the <command>localedef</command> command, or consider choosing a different |
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| 118 | locale. Further instructions assume that there are no such error messages |
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| 119 | from Glibc.</para> |
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| 120 | |
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[755f44a] | 121 | <para>Some packages beyond CLFS may also lack support for your chosen locale. |
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[02095ae] | 122 | One example is the X library (part of the X Window System), which outputs |
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| 123 | the following error message:</para> |
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| 124 | |
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| 125 | <screen><computeroutput>Warning: locale not supported by Xlib, locale set to C</computeroutput></screen> |
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| 126 | |
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| 127 | <para>Sometimes it is possible to fix this by removing the charmap part of |
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| 128 | the locale specification, as long as that does not change the character map |
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| 129 | that Glibc associates with the locale (this can be checked by running the |
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| 130 | <command>locale charmap</command> command in both locales). For example, |
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| 131 | one would have to change "de_DE.ISO-8859-15@euro" to |
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| 132 | "de_DE@euro" in order to get this locale recognized by Xlib.</para> |
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| 133 | |
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| 134 | <para>Other packages can also function incorrectly (but may not necessarily |
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| 135 | display any error messages) if the locale name does not meet their expectations. |
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| 136 | In those cases, investigating how other Linux distributions support your locale |
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| 137 | might provide some useful information.</para> |
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| 138 | |
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| 139 | <para>Once the proper locale settings have been determined, create the |
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| 140 | <filename>/etc/profile</filename> file:</para> |
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| 141 | |
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[586feb7] | 142 | <screen><userinput>cat > ${CLFS}/etc/profile << "EOF" |
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[02095ae] | 143 | <literal># Begin /etc/profile |
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| 144 | |
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| 145 | export LANG=<replaceable>[ll]</replaceable>_<replaceable>[CC]</replaceable>.<replaceable>[charmap]</replaceable> |
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| 146 | export INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc |
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| 147 | |
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| 148 | # End /etc/profile</literal> |
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| 149 | EOF</userinput></screen> |
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| 150 | |
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| 151 | <note> |
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| 152 | <para>The <quote>C</quote> (default) and <quote>en_US</quote> |
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| 153 | (the recommended one for United States English users) locales are |
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| 154 | different.</para> |
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| 155 | </note> |
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| 156 | |
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| 157 | <para>Setting the keyboard layout, screen font, and locale-related |
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| 158 | environment variables are the only internationalization steps needed to |
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| 159 | support locales that use ordinary single-byte encodings and left-to-right |
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| 160 | writing direction. More complex cases (including UTF-8 based locales) |
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| 161 | require additional steps and additional patches because many applications |
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| 162 | tend to not work properly under such conditions. These steps and patches |
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[755f44a] | 163 | are not included in the CLFS book and such locales are not yet supported |
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| 164 | by CLFS.</para> |
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[02095ae] | 165 | |
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| 166 | </sect1> |
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