1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> |
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" |
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3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ |
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4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent"> |
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5 | %general-entities; |
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6 | ]> |
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7 | |
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8 | <sect1 id="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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9 | <?dbhtml filename="pwdgroup.html"?> |
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10 | |
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11 | <title>Creating the passwd, group, and log Files</title> |
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12 | |
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13 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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14 | <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/etc/passwd">${LFS}/etc/passwd</primary> |
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15 | </indexterm> |
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16 | |
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17 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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18 | <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/etc/group">${LFS}/etc/group</primary> |
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19 | </indexterm> |
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20 | |
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21 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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22 | <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/var/run/utmp">${LFS}/var/run/utmp</primary> |
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23 | </indexterm> |
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24 | |
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25 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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26 | <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/var/log/btmp">${LFS}/var/log/btmp</primary> |
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27 | </indexterm> |
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28 | |
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29 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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30 | <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/var/log/lastlog">${LFS}/var/log/lastlog</primary> |
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31 | </indexterm> |
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32 | |
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33 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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34 | <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/var/log/wtmp">${LFS}/var/log/wtmp</primary> |
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35 | </indexterm> |
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36 | |
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37 | <para>In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to |
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38 | be able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, |
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39 | there must be relevant entries in the <filename>${LFS}/etc/passwd</filename> |
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40 | and <filename>${LFS}/etc/group</filename> files.</para> |
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41 | |
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42 | <para>Create the <filename>${LFS}/etc/passwd</filename> file by running |
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43 | the following command:</para> |
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44 | |
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45 | <screen><userinput>cat > ${LFS}/etc/passwd << "EOF" |
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46 | <literal>root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash |
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47 | bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/bin/false |
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48 | daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/bin/false |
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49 | adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/bin/false |
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50 | sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync |
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51 | shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown |
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52 | halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt |
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53 | lp:x:10:18:lp:/var/spool/lp:/bin/false |
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54 | mail:x:30:30:mail:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false |
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55 | news:x:31:31:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/false |
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56 | uucp:x:32:32:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/false |
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57 | operator:x:50:0:operator:/root:/bin/bash |
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58 | postmaster:x:51:30:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false |
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59 | nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/:/bin/false</literal> |
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60 | EOF</userinput></screen> |
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61 | |
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62 | <para os="a">The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> |
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63 | (the <quote>x</quote> used here is just a placeholder) will be set |
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64 | later.</para> |
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65 | |
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66 | <para>Create the <filename>${LFS}/etc/group</filename> file by running |
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67 | the following command:</para> |
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68 | |
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69 | <screen><userinput>cat > ${LFS}/etc/group << "EOF" |
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70 | <literal>root::0:root |
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71 | bin::1:root,bin,daemon |
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72 | daemon::2:root,bin,daemon |
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73 | sys::3:root,bin,adm |
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74 | adm::4:root,adm,daemon |
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75 | kmem::5: |
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76 | tty::10: |
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77 | video::11:root |
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78 | console::12: |
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79 | disk::13:root,adm |
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80 | floppy::14:root |
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81 | cdrom::15: |
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82 | cdrw::16: |
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83 | tape::17:root |
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84 | lp::18:lp |
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85 | usb::19: |
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86 | audio::20: |
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87 | dialout::21:root |
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88 | mail::30:mail |
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89 | news::31:news |
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90 | uucp::32:uucp |
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91 | users::100: |
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92 | nogroup::65533: |
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93 | nobody::65534:</literal> |
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94 | EOF</userinput></screen> |
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95 | |
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96 | <para os="b">The created groups are not part of any standard—they are |
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97 | groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration |
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98 | in the final system, and in part by common convention employed by a |
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99 | number of existing Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, |
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100 | available at <ulink url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only |
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101 | that, besides the group <quote>root</quote> with a Group ID (GID) of 0, |
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102 | a group <quote>bin</quote> with a GID of 1 be present. All other group |
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103 | names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since |
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104 | well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the |
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105 | group's name.</para> |
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106 | |
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107 | <para os="c">The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and |
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108 | <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log |
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109 | files to record information such as who was logged into the system and |
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110 | when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they |
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111 | do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them |
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112 | proper permissions:</para> |
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113 | |
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114 | <screen><userinput>touch ${LFS}/var/run/utmp ${LFS}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp} |
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115 | chmod 664 ${LFS}/var/run/utmp ${LFS}/var/log/lastlog |
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116 | chmod 600 ${LFS}/var/log/btmp</userinput></screen> |
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117 | |
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118 | <para>The <filename>${LFS}/var/run/utmp</filename> file records the users |
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119 | that are currently logged in. The <filename>${LFS}/var/log/wtmp</filename> |
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120 | file records all logins and logouts. The |
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121 | <filename>${LFS}/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when |
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122 | each user last logged in. The <filename>${LFS}/var/log/btmp</filename> file |
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123 | records the bad login attempts.</para> |
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124 | |
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125 | </sect1> |
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