source: boot/common/pwdgroup.xml @ bf8c11f

Last change on this file since bf8c11f was bf8c11f, checked in by Jim Gifford <clfs@…>, 18 years ago

r627@server (orig r625): jim | 2005-10-31 12:59:34 -0800
Import of Cross-LFS Book

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File size: 4.5 KB
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1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
3  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
4  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
5  %general-entities;
6]>
7
8<sect1 id="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
9  <?dbhtml filename="pwdgroup.html"?>
10
11  <title>Creating the passwd, group, and log Files</title>
12
13  <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
14    <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/etc/passwd">${LFS}/etc/passwd</primary>
15  </indexterm>
16
17  <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
18    <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/etc/group">${LFS}/etc/group</primary>
19  </indexterm>
20
21  <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
22    <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/var/run/utmp">${LFS}/var/run/utmp</primary>
23  </indexterm>
24
25  <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
26    <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/var/log/btmp">${LFS}/var/log/btmp</primary>
27  </indexterm>
28
29  <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
30    <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/var/log/lastlog">${LFS}/var/log/lastlog</primary>
31  </indexterm>
32
33  <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
34    <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/var/log/wtmp">${LFS}/var/log/wtmp</primary>
35  </indexterm>
36
37  <para>In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to
38  be able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized,
39  there must be relevant entries in the <filename>${LFS}/etc/passwd</filename>
40  and <filename>${LFS}/etc/group</filename> files.</para>
41
42  <para>Create the <filename>${LFS}/etc/passwd</filename> file by running
43  the following command:</para>
44
45<screen><userinput>cat &gt; ${LFS}/etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
46<literal>root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
47bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/bin/false
48daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/bin/false
49adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/bin/false
50sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
51shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
52halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
53lp:x:10:18:lp:/var/spool/lp:/bin/false
54mail:x:30:30:mail:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false
55news:x:31:31:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/false
56uucp:x:32:32:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/false
57operator:x:50:0:operator:/root:/bin/bash
58postmaster:x:51:30:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false
59nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/:/bin/false</literal>
60EOF</userinput></screen>
61
62  <para os="a">The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
63  (the <quote>x</quote> used here is just a placeholder) will be set
64  later.</para>
65
66  <para>Create the <filename>${LFS}/etc/group</filename> file by running
67  the following command:</para>
68
69<screen><userinput>cat &gt; ${LFS}/etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
70<literal>root::0:root
71bin::1:root,bin,daemon
72daemon::2:root,bin,daemon
73sys::3:root,bin,adm
74adm::4:root,adm,daemon
75kmem::5:
76tty::10:
77video::11:root
78console::12:
79disk::13:root,adm
80floppy::14:root
81cdrom::15:
82cdrw::16:
83tape::17:root
84lp::18:lp
85usb::19:
86audio::20:
87dialout::21:root
88mail::30:mail
89news::31:news
90uucp::32:uucp
91users::100:
92nogroup::65533:
93nobody::65534:</literal>
94EOF</userinput></screen>
95
96  <para os="b">The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are
97  groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration
98  in the final system, and in part by common convention employed by a
99  number of existing Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB,
100  available at <ulink url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only
101  that, besides the group <quote>root</quote> with a Group ID (GID) of 0,
102  a group <quote>bin</quote> with a GID of 1 be present. All other group
103  names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since
104  well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the
105  group's name.</para>
106
107  <para os="c">The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and
108  <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log
109  files to record information such as who was logged into the system and
110  when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they
111  do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them
112  proper permissions:</para>
113
114<screen><userinput>touch ${LFS}/var/run/utmp ${LFS}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
115chmod 664 ${LFS}/var/run/utmp ${LFS}/var/log/lastlog
116chmod 600 ${LFS}/var/log/btmp</userinput></screen>
117
118  <para>The <filename>${LFS}/var/run/utmp</filename> file records the users
119  that are currently logged in. The <filename>${LFS}/var/log/wtmp</filename>
120  file records all logins and logouts. The
121  <filename>${LFS}/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when
122  each user last logged in. The <filename>${LFS}/var/log/btmp</filename> file
123  records the bad login attempts.</para>
124
125</sect1>
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