source: boot/common/pwdgroup.xml@ 9a4ce5e

Last change on this file since 9a4ce5e was 0225b23, checked in by Chris Staub <chris@…>, 18 years ago

More text changes in passwd/group file sections
  • Property mode set to 100644
File size: 7.3 KB
Line 
1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
4 <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
5 %general-entities;
6]>
7
8<sect1 id="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
9 <?dbhtml filename="pwdgroup.html"?>
10
11 <title>Creating the passwd, group, and log Files</title>
12
13 <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
14 <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary>
15 </indexterm>
16
17 <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
18 <primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary>
19 </indexterm>
20
21 <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
22 <primary sortas="e-/var/run/utmp">/var/run/utmp</primary>
23 </indexterm>
24
25 <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
26 <primary sortas="e-/var/log/btmp">/var/log/btmp</primary>
27 </indexterm>
28
29 <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
30 <primary sortas="e-/var/log/lastlog">/var/log/lastlog</primary>
31 </indexterm>
32
33 <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
34 <primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary>
35 </indexterm>
36
37 <para os="a">In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to
38 be able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized,
39 there must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
40 and <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para>
41
42 <para>Create the <filename>${CLFS}/etc/passwd</filename> file by running
43 the following command:</para>
44
45<screen><userinput>cat &gt; ${CLFS}/etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
46<literal>root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash</literal>
47EOF</userinput></screen>
48
49 <para os="b">The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
50 (the <quote>::</quote> used here is just a placeholder and allow you to login
51 with no password) will be set later.</para>
52
53 <variablelist os="c">
54
55 <title>Additional users you may want to add:</title>
56
57 <varlistentry>
58 <term><literal>bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/bin/false</literal></term>
59 <listitem>
60 <para>To be written</para>
61 </listitem>
62 </varlistentry>
63 <varlistentry>
64 <term><literal>daemon:x:2:6:daemon:/sbin:/bin/false</literal></term>
65 <listitem>
66 <para>To be written</para>
67 </listitem>
68 </varlistentry>
69 <varlistentry>
70 <term><literal>adm:x:3:16:adm:/var/adm:/bin/false</literal></term>
71 <listitem>
72 <para>To be written</para>
73 </listitem>
74 </varlistentry>
75 <varlistentry>
76 <term><literal>lp:x:10:9:lp:/var/spool/lp:/bin/false</literal></term>
77 <listitem>
78 <para>Used by programs for printing</para>
79 </listitem>
80 </varlistentry>
81 <varlistentry>
82 <term><literal>mail:x:30:30:mail:/var/mail:/bin/false</literal></term>
83 <listitem>
84 <para>Often used by email programs</para>
85 </listitem>
86 </varlistentry>
87 <varlistentry>
88 <term><literal>news:x:31:31:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/false</literal></term>
89 <listitem>
90 <para>To be written</para>
91 </listitem>
92 </varlistentry>
93 <varlistentry>
94 <term><literal>uucp:x:32:32:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/false</literal></term>
95 <listitem>
96 <para>To be written</para>
97 </listitem>
98 </varlistentry>
99 <varlistentry>
100 <term><literal>operator:x:50:0:operator:/root:/bin/bash</literal></term>
101 <listitem>
102 <para>To be written</para>
103 </listitem>
104 </varlistentry>
105 <varlistentry>
106 <term><literal>postmaster:x:51:30:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false</literal></term>
107 <listitem>
108 <para>To be written</para>
109 </listitem>
110 </varlistentry>
111 <varlistentry>
112 <term><literal>nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/:/bin/false</literal></term>
113 <listitem>
114 <para>To be written</para>
115 </listitem>
116 </varlistentry>
117 </variablelist>
118
119 <para>Create the <filename>${CLFS}/etc/group</filename> file by running
120 the following command:</para>
121
122<screen><userinput>cat &gt; ${CLFS}/etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
123<literal>root:x:0:
124bin:x:1:
125sys:x:2:
126kmem:x:3:
127tty:x:4:
128tape:x:5:
129daemon:x:6:
130floppy:x:7:
131disk:x:8:
132lp:x:9:
133dialout:x:10:
134audio:x:11:
135video:x:12:
136utmp:x:13:
137usb:x:14:
138cdrom:x:15:</literal>
139EOF</userinput></screen>
140
141 <variablelist os="d">
142
143 <title>Additional groups you may want to add</title>
144
145 <varlistentry>
146 <term><literal>adm:x:16:root,adm,daemon</literal></term>
147 <listitem>
148 <para>To be written</para>
149 </listitem>
150 </varlistentry>
151 <varlistentry>
152 <term><literal>console:x:17:</literal></term>
153 <listitem>
154 <para>To be written</para>
155 </listitem>
156 </varlistentry>
157 <varlistentry>
158 <term><literal>cdrw:x:18:</literal></term>
159 <listitem>
160 <para>To be written</para>
161 </listitem>
162 </varlistentry>
163 <varlistentry>
164 <term><literal>mail:x:30:mail</literal></term>
165 <listitem>
166 <para>Used by MTAs (Mail Transport Agents)</para>
167 </listitem>
168 </varlistentry>
169 <varlistentry>
170 <term><literal>news:x:31:news</literal></term>
171 <listitem>
172 <para>To be written</para>
173 </listitem>
174 </varlistentry>
175 <varlistentry>
176 <term><literal>uucp:x:32:uucp</literal></term>
177 <listitem>
178 <para>To be written</para>
179 </listitem>
180 </varlistentry>
181 <varlistentry>
182 <term><literal>users:x:1000:</literal></term>
183 <listitem>
184 <para>The default GID used by shadow for new users</para>
185 </listitem>
186 </varlistentry>
187 <varlistentry>
188 <term><literal>nogroup:x:65533:</literal></term>
189 <listitem>
190 <para>To be written</para>
191 </listitem>
192 </varlistentry>
193 <varlistentry>
194 <term><literal>nobody:x:65534:</literal></term>
195 <listitem>
196 <para>To be written</para>
197 </listitem>
198 </varlistentry>
199 </variablelist>
200
201 <para os="e">The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are
202 groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration
203 in the final system, and in part by common convention employed by a
204 number of existing Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB,
205 available at <ulink url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only
206 that, besides the group <quote>root</quote> with a Group ID (GID) of 0,
207 a group <quote>bin</quote> with a GID of 1 be present. All other group
208 names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since
209 well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the
210 group's name.</para>
211
212 <para os="f">The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and
213 <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log
214 files to record information such as who was logged into the system and
215 when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they
216 do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them
217 proper permissions:</para>
218
219<screen><userinput>touch ${CLFS}/var/run/utmp ${CLFS}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
220chmod -v 664 ${CLFS}/var/run/utmp ${CLFS}/var/log/lastlog
221chmod -v 600 ${CLFS}/var/log/btmp</userinput></screen>
222
223 <para>The <filename>/var/run/utmp</filename> file records the users
224 that are currently logged in. The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename>
225 file records all logins and logouts. The
226 <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when
227 each user last logged in. The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file
228 records the bad login attempts.</para>
229
230</sect1>
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