source: BOOK/final-system/common/shadow.xml@ 9a935bf

clfs-1.2 clfs-2.1 clfs-3.0.0-systemd clfs-3.0.0-sysvinit systemd sysvinit
Last change on this file since 9a935bf was a1fb12f, checked in by Jim Gifford <clfs@…>, 18 years ago

r4023@server (orig r1805): chris | 2006-06-20 15:33:58 -0700
Text/grammar fixes
  • Property mode set to 100644
File size: 18.7 KB
Line 
1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
4 <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
5 %general-entities;
6]>
7
8<sect1 id="ch-system-shadow" role="wrap">
9 <?dbhtml filename="shadow.html"?>
10
11 <title>Shadow-&shadow-version;</title>
12
13 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow">
14 <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
15 </indexterm>
16
17 <sect2 role="package">
18 <title/>
19
20 <para>The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a
21 secure way.</para>
22
23 </sect2>
24
25 <sect2 role="installation">
26 <title>Installation of Shadow</title>
27
28 <note os="a">
29 <para>If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords,
30 refer to <ulink url="&blfs-root;view/svn/postlfs/cracklib.html"/>
31 for installing Cracklib prior to building Shadow. Then add
32 <parameter>--with-libcrack</parameter> to the <command>configure</command>
33 command below.</para>
34 </note>
35
36 <para os="b">Prepare Shadow for compilation:</para>
37
38<screen os="c"><userinput>./configure --libdir=/lib --sysconfdir=/etc --enable-shared \
39 --without-libpam --without-audit --without-selinux</userinput></screen>
40
41<para os="d">The meaning of the configure options:</para>
42
43 <variablelist os="e">
44 <varlistentry>
45 <term><parameter>--without-libpam</parameter></term>
46 <listitem><para>Support for Linux-PAM is enabled by default in Shadow,
47 however PAM is not installed on a base CLFS system, so this switch
48 disables PAM support in Shadow. For instructions to install PAM and
49 link Shadow to it, you can look at
50 <ulink url="&blfs-root;view/svn/postlfs/shadow.html"/>.</para></listitem>
51 </varlistentry>
52 <varlistentry>
53 <term><parameter>--without-audit</parameter></term>
54 <listitem><para>Support for auditing is enabled by default, but a
55 library that it needs is not installed in a base CLFS system. This
56 switch disables auditing support.</para></listitem>
57 </varlistentry>
58 <varlistentry>
59 <term><parameter>--without-selinux</parameter></term>
60 <listitem><para>Support for selinux is enabled by default, but selinux
61 is not built in a base CLFS system and configure will fail without this
62 switch.</para></listitem>
63 </varlistentry>
64 </variablelist>
65
66 <para os="f">Disable the installation of the <command>groups</command>
67 program and its man pages, as Coreutils provides a better version:</para>
68
69<screen os="g"><userinput>sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile
70sed -i '/groups/d' man/Makefile</userinput></screen>
71
72 <para os="h">Compile the package:</para>
73
74<screen os="i"><userinput>make</userinput></screen>
75
76 <para os="j">This package does not come with a test suite.</para>
77
78 <para os="k">Install the package:</para>
79
80<screen os="l"><userinput>make install</userinput></screen>
81
82 <para id="shadow-login_defs">Instead of using the default
83 <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> method, use the more secure
84 <emphasis>MD5</emphasis> method of password encryption, which also allows
85 passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change the
86 obsolete <filename class="directory">/var/spool/mail</filename> location
87 for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename
88 class="directory">/var/mail</filename> location used currently. Use the
89 following sed command to make these changes to the appropriate
90 configuration file:</para>
91
92 <indexterm zone="shadow-login_defs">
93 <primary sortas="e-/etc/login.defs">/etc/login.defs</primary>
94 </indexterm>
95
96<screen os="s"><userinput>sed -i /etc/login.defs \
97 -e 's@#MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.no@MD5_CRYPT_ENAB yes@' \
98 -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@'</userinput></screen>
99
100 <note os="t">
101 <para>If you built Shadow with Cracklib support, execute
102 this <command>sed</command> to correct the path to the Cracklib
103 dictionary:</para>
104
105<screen><userinput>sed -i 's@DICTPATH.*@DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict@' /etc/login.defs</userinput></screen>
106 </note>
107
108 <para os="u">Move a misplaced program to its proper location:</para>
109
110<screen os="v"><userinput>mv -v /usr/bin/passwd /bin</userinput></screen>
111
112 <para os="w">Move Shadow's dynamic libraries to a more appropriate
113 location:</para>
114
115<screen os="x"><userinput>mv -v /lib/libshadow.*a /usr/lib
116rm -v /lib/libshadow.so
117ln -svf ../../lib/libshadow.so.0 /usr/lib/libshadow.so</userinput></screen>
118
119 </sect2>
120
121 <sect2 id="conf-shadow" role="configuration">
122 <title>Configuring Shadow</title>
123
124 <indexterm zone="conf-shadow">
125 <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
126 <secondary>configuring</secondary>
127 </indexterm>
128
129 <para>This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users and
130 groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other administrative
131 tasks. For a full explanation of what <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis>
132 means, see the <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> file within the unpacked source
133 tree. If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need to
134 verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) must
135 be Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with shadowed
136 passwords.</para>
137
138 <para>To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:</para>
139
140<screen><userinput>pwconv</userinput></screen>
141
142 <para>To enable shadowed group passwords, run:</para>
143
144<screen role="nodump"><userinput>grpconv</userinput></screen>
145
146 <para>To view or change the default settings for new user accounts that
147 you create, you can edit <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>. See
148 <command>man useradd</command> or
149 <ulink url="&blfs-root;view/svn/postlfs/skel.html"/> for more
150 information.</para>
151
152 </sect2>
153
154 <sect2 id="root-password" role="configuration">
155 <title>Setting the root password</title>
156
157 <para>Choose a password for user <systemitem
158 class="username">root</systemitem> and set it by running:</para>
159
160<screen role="nodump"><userinput>passwd root</userinput></screen>
161
162 </sect2>
163
164 <sect2 id="contents-shadow" role="content">
165 <title>Contents of Shadow</title>
166
167 <segmentedlist>
168 <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
169 <segtitle>Installed libraries</segtitle>
170
171 <seglistitem>
172 <seg>chage, chfn, chpasswd, chgpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd,
173 groupadd, groupdel, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog,
174 login, logoutd, newgrp, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck, pwconv,
175 pwunconv, sg (link to newgrp), useradd, userdel, usermod,
176 vigr (link to vipw), and vipw</seg>
177 <seg>libshadow.[a,so]</seg>
178 </seglistitem>
179 </segmentedlist>
180
181 <variablelist>
182 <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
183 <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
184 <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
185
186 <varlistentry id="chage">
187 <term><command>chage</command></term>
188 <listitem>
189 <para>Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory
190 password changes</para>
191 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chage">
192 <primary sortas="b-chage">chage</primary>
193 </indexterm>
194 </listitem>
195 </varlistentry>
196
197 <varlistentry id="chfn">
198 <term><command>chfn</command></term>
199 <listitem>
200 <para>Used to change a user's full name and other information</para>
201 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chfn">
202 <primary sortas="b-chfn">chfn</primary>
203 </indexterm>
204 </listitem>
205 </varlistentry>
206
207 <varlistentry id="chgpasswd">
208 <term><command>chgpasswd</command></term>
209 <listitem>
210 <para>Used to update group passwords in batch mode</para>
211 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chgpasswd">
212 <primary sortas="b-chgpasswd">chgpasswd</primary>
213 </indexterm>
214 </listitem>
215 </varlistentry>
216
217 <varlistentry id="chpasswd">
218 <term><command>chpasswd</command></term>
219 <listitem>
220 <para>Used to update the passwords of an entire series of user
221 accounts</para>
222 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chpasswd">
223 <primary sortas="b-chpasswd">chpasswd</primary>
224 </indexterm>
225 </listitem>
226 </varlistentry>
227
228 <varlistentry id="chsh">
229 <term><command>chsh</command></term>
230 <listitem>
231 <para>Used to change a user's default login shell</para>
232 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chsh">
233 <primary sortas="b-chsh">chsh</primary>
234 </indexterm>
235 </listitem>
236 </varlistentry>
237
238 <varlistentry id="expiry">
239 <term><command>expiry</command></term>
240 <listitem>
241 <para>Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy</para>
242 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow expiry">
243 <primary sortas="b-expiry">expiry</primary>
244 </indexterm>
245 </listitem>
246 </varlistentry>
247
248 <varlistentry id="faillog">
249 <term><command>faillog</command></term>
250 <listitem>
251 <para>Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum
252 number of failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the
253 failure count</para>
254 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow faillog">
255 <primary sortas="b-faillog">faillog</primary>
256 </indexterm>
257 </listitem>
258 </varlistentry>
259
260 <varlistentry id="gpasswd">
261 <term><command>gpasswd</command></term>
262 <listitem>
263 <para>Is used to add and delete members and administrators to
264 groups</para>
265 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow gpasswd">
266 <primary sortas="b-gpasswd">gpasswd</primary>
267 </indexterm>
268 </listitem>
269 </varlistentry>
270
271 <varlistentry id="groupadd">
272 <term><command>groupadd</command></term>
273 <listitem>
274 <para>Creates a group with the given name</para>
275 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupadd">
276 <primary sortas="b-groupadd">groupadd</primary>
277 </indexterm>
278 </listitem>
279 </varlistentry>
280
281 <varlistentry id="groupdel">
282 <term><command>groupdel</command></term>
283 <listitem>
284 <para>Deletes the group with the given name</para>
285 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupdel">
286 <primary sortas="b-groupdel">groupdel</primary>
287 </indexterm>
288 </listitem>
289 </varlistentry>
290
291 <varlistentry id="groupmod">
292 <term><command>groupmod</command></term>
293 <listitem>
294 <para>Is used to modify the given group's name or GID</para>
295 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmod">
296 <primary sortas="b-groupmod">groupmod</primary>
297 </indexterm>
298 </listitem>
299 </varlistentry>
300
301 <varlistentry id="grpck">
302 <term><command>grpck</command></term>
303 <listitem>
304 <para>Verifies the integrity of the group files
305 <filename>/etc/group</filename> and
306 <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></para>
307 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpck">
308 <primary sortas="b-grpck">grpck</primary>
309 </indexterm>
310 </listitem>
311 </varlistentry>
312
313 <varlistentry id="grpconv">
314 <term><command>grpconv</command></term>
315 <listitem>
316 <para>Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal
317 group file</para>
318 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpconv">
319 <primary sortas="b-grpconv">grpconv</primary>
320 </indexterm>
321 </listitem>
322 </varlistentry>
323
324 <varlistentry id="grpunconv">
325 <term><command>grpunconv</command></term>
326 <listitem>
327 <para>Updates <filename>/etc/group</filename> from
328 <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
329 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpunconv">
330 <primary sortas="b-grpunconv">grpunconv</primary>
331 </indexterm>
332 </listitem>
333 </varlistentry>
334
335 <varlistentry id="lastlog">
336 <term><command>lastlog</command></term>
337 <listitem>
338 <para>Reports the most recent login of all users or of a
339 given user</para>
340 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow lastlog">
341 <primary sortas="b-lastlog">lastlog</primary>
342 </indexterm>
343 </listitem>
344 </varlistentry>
345
346 <varlistentry id="login">
347 <term><command>login</command></term>
348 <listitem>
349 <para>Is used by the system to let users sign on</para>
350 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow login">
351 <primary sortas="b-login">login</primary>
352 </indexterm>
353 </listitem>
354 </varlistentry>
355
356 <varlistentry id="logoutd">
357 <term><command>logoutd</command></term>
358 <listitem>
359 <para>Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time
360 and ports</para>
361 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow logoutd">
362 <primary sortas="b-logoutd">logoutd</primary>
363 </indexterm>
364 </listitem>
365 </varlistentry>
366
367 <varlistentry id="newgrp">
368 <term><command>newgrp</command></term>
369 <listitem>
370 <para>Is used to change the current GID during a login session</para>
371 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newgrp">
372 <primary sortas="b-newgrp">newgrp</primary>
373 </indexterm>
374 </listitem>
375 </varlistentry>
376
377 <varlistentry id="newusers">
378 <term><command>newusers</command></term>
379 <listitem>
380 <para>Is used to create or update an entire series of user
381 accounts</para>
382 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newusers">
383 <primary sortas="b-newusers">newusers</primary>
384 </indexterm>
385 </listitem>
386 </varlistentry>
387
388 <varlistentry id="nologin">
389 <term><command>nologin</command></term>
390 <listitem>
391 <para>Displays a message that an account is not available. Designed
392 to be used as the default shell for accounts that have been
393 disabled</para>
394 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow nologin">
395 <primary sortas="b-nologin">nologin</primary>
396 </indexterm>
397 </listitem>
398 </varlistentry>
399
400 <varlistentry id="passwd">
401 <term><command>passwd</command></term>
402 <listitem>
403 <para>Is used to change the password for a user or group account</para>
404 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow passwd">
405 <primary sortas="b-passwd">passwd</primary>
406 </indexterm>
407 </listitem>
408 </varlistentry>
409
410 <varlistentry id="pwck">
411 <term><command>pwck</command></term>
412 <listitem>
413 <para>Verifies the integrity of the password files
414 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
415 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename></para>
416 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwck">
417 <primary sortas="b-pwck">pwck</primary>
418 </indexterm>
419 </listitem>
420 </varlistentry>
421
422 <varlistentry id="pwconv">
423 <term><command>pwconv</command></term>
424 <listitem>
425 <para>Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal
426 password file</para>
427 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwconv">
428 <primary sortas="b-pwconv">pwconv</primary>
429 </indexterm>
430 </listitem>
431 </varlistentry>
432
433 <varlistentry id="pwunconv">
434 <term><command>pwunconv</command></term>
435 <listitem>
436 <para>Updates <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> from
437 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
438 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwunconv">
439 <primary sortas="b-pwunconv">pwunconv</primary>
440 </indexterm>
441 </listitem>
442 </varlistentry>
443
444 <varlistentry id="sg">
445 <term><command>sg</command></term>
446 <listitem>
447 <para>Executes a given command while the user's GID
448 is set to that of the given group</para>
449 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow sg">
450 <primary sortas="b-sg">sg</primary>
451 </indexterm>
452 </listitem>
453 </varlistentry>
454
455 <varlistentry id="su">
456 <term><command>su</command></term>
457 <listitem>
458 <para>Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs</para>
459 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow su">
460 <primary sortas="b-su">su</primary>
461 </indexterm>
462 </listitem>
463 </varlistentry>
464
465 <varlistentry id="useradd">
466 <term><command>useradd</command></term>
467 <listitem>
468 <para>Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default
469 new-user information</para>
470 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow useradd">
471 <primary sortas="b-useradd">useradd</primary>
472 </indexterm>
473 </listitem>
474 </varlistentry>
475
476 <varlistentry id="userdel">
477 <term><command>userdel</command></term>
478 <listitem>
479 <para>Deletes the given user account</para>
480 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow userdel">
481 <primary sortas="b-userdel">userdel</primary>
482 </indexterm>
483 </listitem>
484 </varlistentry>
485
486 <varlistentry id="usermod">
487 <term><command>usermod</command></term>
488 <listitem>
489 <para>Is used to modify the given user's login name, User
490 Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home directory, etc.</para>
491 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow usermod">
492 <primary sortas="b-usermod">usermod</primary>
493 </indexterm>
494 </listitem>
495 </varlistentry>
496
497 <varlistentry id="vigr">
498 <term><command>vigr</command></term>
499 <listitem>
500 <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/group</filename> or
501 <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</para>
502 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vigr">
503 <primary sortas="b-vigr">vigr</primary>
504 </indexterm>
505 </listitem>
506 </varlistentry>
507
508 <varlistentry id="vipw">
509 <term><command>vipw</command></term>
510 <listitem>
511 <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
512 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> files</para>
513 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vipw">
514 <primary sortas="b-vipw">vipw</primary>
515 </indexterm>
516 </listitem>
517 </varlistentry>
518
519 <varlistentry id="libshadow">
520 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libshadow</filename></term>
521 <listitem>
522 <para>Contains functions used by most programs in this package</para>
523 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow libshadow">
524 <primary sortas="c-libshadow">libshadow</primary>
525 </indexterm>
526 </listitem>
527 </varlistentry>
528
529 </variablelist>
530
531 </sect2>
532
533</sect1>
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