1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> |
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" |
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3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [ |
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4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent"> |
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5 | %general-entities; |
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6 | ]> |
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7 | |
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8 | <sect1 id="ch-system-shadow" role="wrap"> |
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9 | <?dbhtml filename="shadow.html"?> |
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10 | |
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11 | <title>Shadow-&shadow-version;</title> |
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12 | |
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13 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow"> |
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14 | <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary> |
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15 | </indexterm> |
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16 | |
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17 | <sect2 role="package"> |
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18 | <title/> |
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19 | |
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20 | <para>The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a |
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21 | secure way.</para> |
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22 | |
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23 | </sect2> |
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24 | |
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25 | <sect2 role="installation"> |
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26 | <title>Installation of Shadow</title> |
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27 | |
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28 | <note os="a"> |
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29 | <para>If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords, |
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30 | refer to <ulink url="&cblfs-root;index.php/Cracklib"/> |
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31 | for installing Cracklib prior to building Shadow. Then add |
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32 | <parameter>--with-libcrack</parameter> to the <command>configure</command> |
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33 | command below.</para> |
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34 | </note> |
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35 | |
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36 | <para os="b">Prepare Shadow for compilation:</para> |
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37 | |
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38 | <screen os="c"><userinput>./configure --sysconfdir=/etc</userinput></screen> |
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39 | |
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40 | <para os="d">The meaning of the configure options:</para> |
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41 | |
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42 | <variablelist os="e"> |
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43 | <varlistentry> |
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44 | <term><parameter>--sysconfdir=/etc</parameter></term> |
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45 | <listitem><para>Tells Shadow to install its configuration files into |
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46 | <filename class="directory">/etc</filename>, rather than |
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47 | <filename class="directory">/usr/etc</filename>.</para></listitem> |
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48 | </varlistentry> |
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49 | </variablelist> |
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50 | |
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51 | <para os="f">Disable the installation of the <command>groups</command> |
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52 | program and its man pages, as Coreutils provides a better version:</para> |
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53 | |
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54 | <screen os="g"><userinput>sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile |
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55 | find man -name Makefile -exec sed -i '/groups.1.xml/d' '{}' \; |
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56 | find man -name Makefile -exec sed -i 's/groups.1 //' '{}' \;</userinput></screen> |
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57 | |
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58 | <para os="h">Compile the package:</para> |
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59 | |
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60 | <screen os="i"><userinput>make</userinput></screen> |
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61 | |
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62 | <para os="j">This package does not come with a test suite.</para> |
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63 | |
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64 | <para os="k">Install the package:</para> |
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65 | |
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66 | <screen os="l"><userinput>make install</userinput></screen> |
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67 | |
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68 | <para os="m" id="shadow-login_defs">Instead of using the default |
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69 | <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> method, use the more secure |
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70 | <emphasis>MD5</emphasis> method of password encryption, which also allows |
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71 | passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change the |
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72 | obsolete <filename class="directory">/var/spool/mail</filename> location |
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73 | for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename |
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74 | class="directory">/var/mail</filename> location used currently. Use the |
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75 | following sed command to make these changes to the appropriate |
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76 | configuration file:</para> |
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77 | |
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78 | <indexterm os="n" zone="shadow-login_defs"> |
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79 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/login.defs">/etc/login.defs</primary> |
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80 | </indexterm> |
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81 | |
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82 | <screen os="s"><userinput>sed -i /etc/login.defs \ |
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83 | -e 's@#\(ENCRYPT_METHOD \).*@\1MD5@' \ |
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84 | -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@'</userinput></screen> |
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85 | |
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86 | <note os="t"> |
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87 | <para>If you built Shadow with Cracklib support, execute |
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88 | this <command>sed</command> to correct the path to the Cracklib |
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89 | dictionary:</para> |
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90 | |
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91 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>sed -i 's@DICTPATH.*@DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict@' /etc/login.defs</userinput></screen> |
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92 | </note> |
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93 | |
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94 | <para os="u">Move a misplaced program to its proper location:</para> |
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95 | |
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96 | <screen os="v"><userinput>mv -v /usr/bin/passwd /bin</userinput></screen> |
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97 | |
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98 | </sect2> |
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99 | |
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100 | <sect2 id="conf-shadow" role="configuration"> |
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101 | <title>Configuring Shadow</title> |
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102 | |
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103 | <indexterm zone="conf-shadow"> |
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104 | <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary> |
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105 | <secondary>configuring</secondary> |
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106 | </indexterm> |
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107 | |
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108 | <para>This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users and |
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109 | groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other administrative |
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110 | tasks. For a full explanation of what <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis> |
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111 | means, see the <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> file within the unpacked source |
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112 | tree. If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need to |
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113 | verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) must |
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114 | be Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with shadowed |
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115 | passwords.</para> |
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116 | |
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117 | <para>To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:</para> |
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118 | |
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119 | <screen><userinput>pwconv</userinput></screen> |
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120 | |
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121 | <para>To enable shadowed group passwords, run:</para> |
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122 | |
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123 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>grpconv</userinput></screen> |
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124 | |
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125 | <para>To view or change the default settings for new user accounts that |
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126 | you create, you can edit <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>. See |
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127 | <command>man useradd</command> or |
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128 | <ulink url="&cblfs-root;index.php/Configuring_for_Adding_Users"/> for more |
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129 | information.</para> |
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130 | |
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131 | </sect2> |
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132 | |
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133 | <sect2 id="root-password" role="configuration"> |
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134 | <title>Setting the root password</title> |
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135 | |
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136 | <para>Choose a password for user <systemitem |
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137 | class="username">root</systemitem> and set it by running:</para> |
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138 | |
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139 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>passwd root</userinput></screen> |
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140 | |
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141 | </sect2> |
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142 | |
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143 | <sect2 id="contents-shadow" role="content"> |
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144 | <title>Contents of Shadow</title> |
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145 | |
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146 | <segmentedlist> |
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147 | <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle> |
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148 | |
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149 | <seglistitem> |
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150 | <seg>chage, chfn, chpasswd, chgpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd, |
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151 | groupadd, groupdel, groupmems, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, |
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152 | lastlog, login, logoutd, newgrp, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck, |
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153 | pwconv, pwunconv, sg (link to newgrp), su, useradd, userdel, usermod, |
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154 | vigr (link to vipw), and vipw</seg> |
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155 | </seglistitem> |
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156 | </segmentedlist> |
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157 | |
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158 | <variablelist> |
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159 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead> |
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160 | <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?> |
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161 | <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?> |
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162 | |
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163 | <varlistentry id="chage"> |
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164 | <term><command>chage</command></term> |
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165 | <listitem> |
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166 | <para>Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory |
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167 | password changes</para> |
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168 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chage"> |
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169 | <primary sortas="b-chage">chage</primary> |
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170 | </indexterm> |
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171 | </listitem> |
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172 | </varlistentry> |
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173 | |
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174 | <varlistentry id="chfn"> |
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175 | <term><command>chfn</command></term> |
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176 | <listitem> |
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177 | <para>Used to change a user's full name and other information</para> |
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178 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chfn"> |
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179 | <primary sortas="b-chfn">chfn</primary> |
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180 | </indexterm> |
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181 | </listitem> |
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182 | </varlistentry> |
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183 | |
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184 | <varlistentry id="chgpasswd"> |
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185 | <term><command>chgpasswd</command></term> |
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186 | <listitem> |
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187 | <para>Used to update group passwords in batch mode</para> |
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188 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chgpasswd"> |
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189 | <primary sortas="b-chgpasswd">chgpasswd</primary> |
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190 | </indexterm> |
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191 | </listitem> |
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192 | </varlistentry> |
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193 | |
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194 | <varlistentry id="chpasswd"> |
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195 | <term><command>chpasswd</command></term> |
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196 | <listitem> |
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197 | <para>Used to update the passwords of an entire series of user |
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198 | accounts</para> |
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199 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chpasswd"> |
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200 | <primary sortas="b-chpasswd">chpasswd</primary> |
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201 | </indexterm> |
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202 | </listitem> |
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203 | </varlistentry> |
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204 | |
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205 | <varlistentry id="chsh"> |
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206 | <term><command>chsh</command></term> |
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207 | <listitem> |
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208 | <para>Used to change a user's default login shell</para> |
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209 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chsh"> |
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210 | <primary sortas="b-chsh">chsh</primary> |
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211 | </indexterm> |
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212 | </listitem> |
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213 | </varlistentry> |
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214 | |
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215 | <varlistentry id="expiry"> |
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216 | <term><command>expiry</command></term> |
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217 | <listitem> |
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218 | <para>Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy</para> |
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219 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow expiry"> |
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220 | <primary sortas="b-expiry">expiry</primary> |
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221 | </indexterm> |
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222 | </listitem> |
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223 | </varlistentry> |
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224 | |
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225 | <varlistentry id="faillog"> |
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226 | <term><command>faillog</command></term> |
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227 | <listitem> |
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228 | <para>Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum |
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229 | number of failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the |
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230 | failure count</para> |
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231 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow faillog"> |
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232 | <primary sortas="b-faillog">faillog</primary> |
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233 | </indexterm> |
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234 | </listitem> |
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235 | </varlistentry> |
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236 | |
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237 | <varlistentry id="gpasswd"> |
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238 | <term><command>gpasswd</command></term> |
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239 | <listitem> |
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240 | <para>Is used to add and delete members and administrators to |
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241 | groups</para> |
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242 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow gpasswd"> |
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243 | <primary sortas="b-gpasswd">gpasswd</primary> |
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244 | </indexterm> |
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245 | </listitem> |
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246 | </varlistentry> |
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247 | |
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248 | <varlistentry id="groupadd"> |
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249 | <term><command>groupadd</command></term> |
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250 | <listitem> |
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251 | <para>Creates a group with the given name</para> |
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252 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupadd"> |
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253 | <primary sortas="b-groupadd">groupadd</primary> |
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254 | </indexterm> |
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255 | </listitem> |
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256 | </varlistentry> |
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257 | |
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258 | <varlistentry id="groupdel"> |
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259 | <term><command>groupdel</command></term> |
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260 | <listitem> |
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261 | <para>Deletes the group with the given name</para> |
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262 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupdel"> |
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263 | <primary sortas="b-groupdel">groupdel</primary> |
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264 | </indexterm> |
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265 | </listitem> |
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266 | </varlistentry> |
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267 | |
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268 | <varlistentry id="groupmems"> |
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269 | <term><command>groupmems</command></term> |
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270 | <listitem> |
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271 | <para>Allows a user to administer his/her own group membership list |
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272 | without the requirement of superuser privileges</para> |
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273 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmems"> |
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274 | <primary sortas="b-groupmems">groupmems</primary> |
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275 | </indexterm> |
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276 | </listitem> |
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277 | </varlistentry> |
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278 | |
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279 | <varlistentry id="groupmod"> |
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280 | <term><command>groupmod</command></term> |
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281 | <listitem> |
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282 | <para>Is used to modify the given group's name or GID</para> |
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283 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmod"> |
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284 | <primary sortas="b-groupmod">groupmod</primary> |
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285 | </indexterm> |
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286 | </listitem> |
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287 | </varlistentry> |
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288 | |
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289 | <varlistentry id="grpck"> |
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290 | <term><command>grpck</command></term> |
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291 | <listitem> |
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292 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the group files |
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293 | <filename>/etc/group</filename> and |
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294 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></para> |
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295 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpck"> |
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296 | <primary sortas="b-grpck">grpck</primary> |
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297 | </indexterm> |
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298 | </listitem> |
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299 | </varlistentry> |
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300 | |
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301 | <varlistentry id="grpconv"> |
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302 | <term><command>grpconv</command></term> |
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303 | <listitem> |
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304 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal |
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305 | group file</para> |
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306 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpconv"> |
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307 | <primary sortas="b-grpconv">grpconv</primary> |
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308 | </indexterm> |
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309 | </listitem> |
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310 | </varlistentry> |
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311 | |
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312 | <varlistentry id="grpunconv"> |
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313 | <term><command>grpunconv</command></term> |
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314 | <listitem> |
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315 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/group</filename> from |
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316 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para> |
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317 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpunconv"> |
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318 | <primary sortas="b-grpunconv">grpunconv</primary> |
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319 | </indexterm> |
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320 | </listitem> |
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321 | </varlistentry> |
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322 | |
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323 | <varlistentry id="lastlog"> |
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324 | <term><command>lastlog</command></term> |
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325 | <listitem> |
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326 | <para>Reports the most recent login of all users or of a |
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327 | given user</para> |
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328 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow lastlog"> |
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329 | <primary sortas="b-lastlog">lastlog</primary> |
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330 | </indexterm> |
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331 | </listitem> |
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332 | </varlistentry> |
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333 | |
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334 | <varlistentry id="login"> |
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335 | <term><command>login</command></term> |
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336 | <listitem> |
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337 | <para>Is used by the system to let users sign on</para> |
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338 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow login"> |
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339 | <primary sortas="b-login">login</primary> |
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340 | </indexterm> |
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341 | </listitem> |
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342 | </varlistentry> |
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343 | |
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344 | <varlistentry id="logoutd"> |
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345 | <term><command>logoutd</command></term> |
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346 | <listitem> |
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347 | <para>Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time |
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348 | and ports</para> |
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349 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow logoutd"> |
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350 | <primary sortas="b-logoutd">logoutd</primary> |
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351 | </indexterm> |
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352 | </listitem> |
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353 | </varlistentry> |
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354 | |
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355 | <varlistentry id="newgrp"> |
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356 | <term><command>newgrp</command></term> |
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357 | <listitem> |
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358 | <para>Is used to change the current GID during a login session</para> |
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359 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newgrp"> |
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360 | <primary sortas="b-newgrp">newgrp</primary> |
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361 | </indexterm> |
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362 | </listitem> |
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363 | </varlistentry> |
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364 | |
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365 | <varlistentry id="newusers"> |
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366 | <term><command>newusers</command></term> |
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367 | <listitem> |
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368 | <para>Is used to create or update an entire series of user |
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369 | accounts</para> |
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370 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newusers"> |
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371 | <primary sortas="b-newusers">newusers</primary> |
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372 | </indexterm> |
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373 | </listitem> |
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374 | </varlistentry> |
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375 | |
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376 | <varlistentry id="nologin"> |
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377 | <term><command>nologin</command></term> |
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378 | <listitem> |
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379 | <para>Displays a message that an account is not available. Designed |
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380 | to be used as the default shell for accounts that have been |
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381 | disabled</para> |
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382 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow nologin"> |
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383 | <primary sortas="b-nologin">nologin</primary> |
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384 | </indexterm> |
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385 | </listitem> |
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386 | </varlistentry> |
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387 | |
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388 | <varlistentry id="passwd"> |
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389 | <term><command>passwd</command></term> |
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390 | <listitem> |
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391 | <para>Is used to change the password for a user or group account</para> |
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392 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow passwd"> |
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393 | <primary sortas="b-passwd">passwd</primary> |
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394 | </indexterm> |
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395 | </listitem> |
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396 | </varlistentry> |
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397 | |
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398 | <varlistentry id="pwck"> |
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399 | <term><command>pwck</command></term> |
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400 | <listitem> |
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401 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the password files |
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402 | <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and |
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403 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename></para> |
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404 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwck"> |
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405 | <primary sortas="b-pwck">pwck</primary> |
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406 | </indexterm> |
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407 | </listitem> |
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408 | </varlistentry> |
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409 | |
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410 | <varlistentry id="pwconv"> |
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411 | <term><command>pwconv</command></term> |
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412 | <listitem> |
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413 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal |
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414 | password file</para> |
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415 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwconv"> |
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416 | <primary sortas="b-pwconv">pwconv</primary> |
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417 | </indexterm> |
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418 | </listitem> |
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419 | </varlistentry> |
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420 | |
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421 | <varlistentry id="pwunconv"> |
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422 | <term><command>pwunconv</command></term> |
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423 | <listitem> |
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424 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> from |
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425 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para> |
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426 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwunconv"> |
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427 | <primary sortas="b-pwunconv">pwunconv</primary> |
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428 | </indexterm> |
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429 | </listitem> |
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430 | </varlistentry> |
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431 | |
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432 | <varlistentry id="sg"> |
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433 | <term><command>sg</command></term> |
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434 | <listitem> |
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435 | <para>Executes a given command while the user's GID |
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436 | is set to that of the given group</para> |
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437 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow sg"> |
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438 | <primary sortas="b-sg">sg</primary> |
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439 | </indexterm> |
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440 | </listitem> |
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441 | </varlistentry> |
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442 | |
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443 | <varlistentry id="su"> |
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444 | <term><command>su</command></term> |
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445 | <listitem> |
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446 | <para>Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs</para> |
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447 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow su"> |
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448 | <primary sortas="b-su">su</primary> |
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449 | </indexterm> |
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450 | </listitem> |
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451 | </varlistentry> |
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452 | |
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453 | <varlistentry id="useradd"> |
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454 | <term><command>useradd</command></term> |
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455 | <listitem> |
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456 | <para>Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default |
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457 | new-user information</para> |
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458 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow useradd"> |
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459 | <primary sortas="b-useradd">useradd</primary> |
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460 | </indexterm> |
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461 | </listitem> |
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462 | </varlistentry> |
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463 | |
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464 | <varlistentry id="userdel"> |
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465 | <term><command>userdel</command></term> |
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466 | <listitem> |
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467 | <para>Deletes the given user account</para> |
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468 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow userdel"> |
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469 | <primary sortas="b-userdel">userdel</primary> |
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470 | </indexterm> |
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471 | </listitem> |
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472 | </varlistentry> |
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473 | |
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474 | <varlistentry id="usermod"> |
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475 | <term><command>usermod</command></term> |
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476 | <listitem> |
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477 | <para>Is used to modify the given user's login name, User |
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478 | Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home directory, etc.</para> |
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479 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow usermod"> |
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480 | <primary sortas="b-usermod">usermod</primary> |
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481 | </indexterm> |
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482 | </listitem> |
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483 | </varlistentry> |
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484 | |
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485 | <varlistentry id="vigr"> |
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486 | <term><command>vigr</command></term> |
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487 | <listitem> |
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488 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/group</filename> or |
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489 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</para> |
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490 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vigr"> |
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491 | <primary sortas="b-vigr">vigr</primary> |
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492 | </indexterm> |
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493 | </listitem> |
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494 | </varlistentry> |
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495 | |
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496 | <varlistentry id="vipw"> |
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497 | <term><command>vipw</command></term> |
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498 | <listitem> |
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499 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or |
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500 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> files</para> |
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501 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vipw"> |
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502 | <primary sortas="b-vipw">vipw</primary> |
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503 | </indexterm> |
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504 | </listitem> |
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505 | </varlistentry> |
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506 | |
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507 | </variablelist> |
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508 | |
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509 | </sect2> |
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510 | |
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511 | </sect1> |
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