1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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5 | %general-entities;
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6 | ]>
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7 |
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8 | <sect1 id="ch-system-shadow" role="wrap">
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9 | <?dbhtml filename="shadow.html"?>
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10 |
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11 | <title>Shadow-&shadow-version;</title>
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12 |
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13 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow">
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14 | <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
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15 | </indexterm>
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16 |
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17 | <sect2 role="package">
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18 | <title/>
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19 |
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20 | <para>The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a
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21 | secure way.</para>
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22 |
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23 | </sect2>
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24 |
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25 | <sect2 role="installation">
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26 | <title>Installation of Shadow</title>
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27 |
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28 | <note os="a">
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29 | <para>If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords,
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30 | refer to <ulink url="&cblfs-root;index.php/Cracklib"/>
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31 | for installing Cracklib prior to building Shadow. Then add
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32 | <parameter>--with-libcrack</parameter> to the <command>configure</command>
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33 | command below.</para>
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34 | </note>
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35 |
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36 | <para os="b">Prepare Shadow for compilation:</para>
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37 |
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38 | <screen os="c"><userinput>./configure --libdir=/lib --sysconfdir=/etc --enable-shared \
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39 | --without-libpam --without-audit --without-selinux</userinput></screen>
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40 |
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41 | <para os="d">The meaning of the configure options:</para>
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42 |
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43 | <variablelist os="e">
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44 | <varlistentry>
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45 | <term><parameter>--sysconfdir=/etc</parameter></term>
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46 | <listitem><para>Tells Shadow to install its configuration files into
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47 | /etc, rather than /usr/etc.</para></listitem>
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48 | </varlistentry>
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49 | <varlistentry>
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50 | <term><parameter>--without-libpam</parameter></term>
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51 | <listitem><para>Support for Linux-PAM is enabled by default in Shadow,
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52 | however PAM is not installed on a base CLFS system, so this switch
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53 | disables PAM support in Shadow. For instructions to install PAM and
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54 | link Shadow to it, you can look at
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55 | <ulink url="&clfs-root;index.php/Shadow"/>.</para></listitem>
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56 | </varlistentry>
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57 | <varlistentry>
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58 | <term><parameter>--without-audit</parameter></term>
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59 | <listitem><para>Support for auditing is enabled by default, but a
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60 | library that it needs is not installed in a base CLFS system. This
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61 | switch disables auditing support.</para></listitem>
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62 | </varlistentry>
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63 | <varlistentry>
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64 | <term><parameter>--without-selinux</parameter></term>
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65 | <listitem><para>Support for selinux is enabled by default, but selinux
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66 | is not built in a base CLFS system and configure will fail without this
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67 | switch.</para></listitem>
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68 | </varlistentry>
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69 | </variablelist>
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70 |
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71 | <para os="f">Disable the installation of the <command>groups</command>
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72 | program and its man pages, as Coreutils provides a better version:</para>
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73 |
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74 | <screen os="g"><userinput>sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile
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75 | sed -i '/groups.1.xml/d' man/Makefile
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76 | sed -i 's/groups.1//' man/Makefile</userinput></screen>
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77 |
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78 | <para os="h">Compile the package:</para>
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79 |
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80 | <screen os="i"><userinput>make</userinput></screen>
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81 |
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82 | <para os="j">This package does not come with a test suite.</para>
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83 |
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84 | <para os="k">Install the package:</para>
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85 |
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86 | <screen os="l"><userinput>make install</userinput></screen>
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87 |
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88 | <para os="m" id="shadow-login_defs">Instead of using the default
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89 | <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> method, use the more secure
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90 | <emphasis>MD5</emphasis> method of password encryption, which also allows
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91 | passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change the
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92 | obsolete <filename class="directory">/var/spool/mail</filename> location
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93 | for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename
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94 | class="directory">/var/mail</filename> location used currently. Use the
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95 | following sed command to make these changes to the appropriate
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96 | configuration file:</para>
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97 |
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98 | <indexterm os="n" zone="shadow-login_defs">
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99 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/login.defs">/etc/login.defs</primary>
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100 | </indexterm>
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101 |
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102 | <screen os="s"><userinput>sed -i /etc/login.defs \
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103 | -e 's@#MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.no@MD5_CRYPT_ENAB yes@' \
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104 | -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@'</userinput></screen>
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105 |
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106 | <note os="t">
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107 | <para>If you built Shadow with Cracklib support, execute
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108 | this <command>sed</command> to correct the path to the Cracklib
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109 | dictionary:</para>
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110 |
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111 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>sed -i 's@DICTPATH.*@DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict@' /etc/login.defs</userinput></screen>
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112 | </note>
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113 |
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114 | <para os="u">Move a misplaced program to its proper location:</para>
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115 |
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116 | <screen os="v"><userinput>mv -v /usr/bin/passwd /bin</userinput></screen>
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117 |
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118 | <para os="w">Move Shadow's static libraries to a more appropriate
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119 | location:</para>
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120 |
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121 | <screen os="x"><userinput>mv -v /lib/libshadow.*a /usr/lib
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122 | rm -v /lib/libshadow.so
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123 | ln -svf ../../lib/libshadow.so.0 /usr/lib/libshadow.so</userinput></screen>
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124 |
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125 | </sect2>
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126 |
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127 | <sect2 id="conf-shadow" role="configuration">
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128 | <title>Configuring Shadow</title>
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129 |
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130 | <indexterm zone="conf-shadow">
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131 | <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
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132 | <secondary>configuring</secondary>
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133 | </indexterm>
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134 |
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135 | <para>This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users and
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136 | groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other administrative
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137 | tasks. For a full explanation of what <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis>
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138 | means, see the <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> file within the unpacked source
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139 | tree. If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need to
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140 | verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) must
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141 | be Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with shadowed
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142 | passwords.</para>
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143 |
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144 | <para>To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:</para>
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145 |
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146 | <screen><userinput>pwconv</userinput></screen>
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147 |
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148 | <para>To enable shadowed group passwords, run:</para>
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149 |
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150 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>grpconv</userinput></screen>
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151 |
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152 | <para>To view or change the default settings for new user accounts that
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153 | you create, you can edit <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>. See
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154 | <command>man useradd</command> or
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155 | <ulink url="&cblfs-root;ndex.php/Configuring_for_Adding_Users"/> for more
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156 | information.</para>
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157 |
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158 | </sect2>
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159 |
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160 | <sect2 id="root-password" role="configuration">
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161 | <title>Setting the root password</title>
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162 |
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163 | <para>Choose a password for user <systemitem
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164 | class="username">root</systemitem> and set it by running:</para>
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165 |
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166 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>passwd root</userinput></screen>
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167 |
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168 | </sect2>
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169 |
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170 | <sect2 id="contents-shadow" role="content">
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171 | <title>Contents of Shadow</title>
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172 |
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173 | <segmentedlist>
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174 | <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
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175 | <segtitle>Installed libraries</segtitle>
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176 |
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177 | <seglistitem>
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178 | <seg>chage, chfn, chpasswd, chgpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd,
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179 | groupadd, groupdel, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog,
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180 | login, logoutd, newgrp, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck, pwconv,
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181 | pwunconv, sg (link to newgrp), useradd, userdel, usermod,
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182 | vigr (link to vipw), and vipw</seg>
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183 | <seg>libshadow.[a,so]</seg>
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184 | </seglistitem>
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185 | </segmentedlist>
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186 |
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187 | <variablelist>
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188 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
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189 | <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
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190 | <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
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191 |
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192 | <varlistentry id="chage">
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193 | <term><command>chage</command></term>
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194 | <listitem>
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195 | <para>Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory
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196 | password changes</para>
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197 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chage">
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198 | <primary sortas="b-chage">chage</primary>
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199 | </indexterm>
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200 | </listitem>
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201 | </varlistentry>
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202 |
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203 | <varlistentry id="chfn">
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204 | <term><command>chfn</command></term>
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205 | <listitem>
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206 | <para>Used to change a user's full name and other information</para>
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207 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chfn">
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208 | <primary sortas="b-chfn">chfn</primary>
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209 | </indexterm>
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210 | </listitem>
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211 | </varlistentry>
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212 |
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213 | <varlistentry id="chgpasswd">
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214 | <term><command>chgpasswd</command></term>
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215 | <listitem>
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216 | <para>Used to update group passwords in batch mode</para>
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217 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chgpasswd">
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218 | <primary sortas="b-chgpasswd">chgpasswd</primary>
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219 | </indexterm>
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220 | </listitem>
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221 | </varlistentry>
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222 |
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223 | <varlistentry id="chpasswd">
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224 | <term><command>chpasswd</command></term>
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225 | <listitem>
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226 | <para>Used to update the passwords of an entire series of user
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227 | accounts</para>
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228 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chpasswd">
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229 | <primary sortas="b-chpasswd">chpasswd</primary>
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230 | </indexterm>
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231 | </listitem>
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232 | </varlistentry>
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233 |
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234 | <varlistentry id="chsh">
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235 | <term><command>chsh</command></term>
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236 | <listitem>
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237 | <para>Used to change a user's default login shell</para>
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238 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chsh">
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239 | <primary sortas="b-chsh">chsh</primary>
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240 | </indexterm>
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241 | </listitem>
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242 | </varlistentry>
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243 |
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244 | <varlistentry id="expiry">
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245 | <term><command>expiry</command></term>
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246 | <listitem>
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247 | <para>Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy</para>
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248 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow expiry">
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249 | <primary sortas="b-expiry">expiry</primary>
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250 | </indexterm>
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251 | </listitem>
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252 | </varlistentry>
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253 |
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254 | <varlistentry id="faillog">
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255 | <term><command>faillog</command></term>
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256 | <listitem>
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257 | <para>Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum
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258 | number of failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the
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259 | failure count</para>
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260 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow faillog">
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261 | <primary sortas="b-faillog">faillog</primary>
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262 | </indexterm>
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263 | </listitem>
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264 | </varlistentry>
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265 |
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266 | <varlistentry id="gpasswd">
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267 | <term><command>gpasswd</command></term>
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268 | <listitem>
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269 | <para>Is used to add and delete members and administrators to
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270 | groups</para>
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271 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow gpasswd">
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272 | <primary sortas="b-gpasswd">gpasswd</primary>
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273 | </indexterm>
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274 | </listitem>
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275 | </varlistentry>
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276 |
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277 | <varlistentry id="groupadd">
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278 | <term><command>groupadd</command></term>
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279 | <listitem>
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280 | <para>Creates a group with the given name</para>
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281 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupadd">
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282 | <primary sortas="b-groupadd">groupadd</primary>
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283 | </indexterm>
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284 | </listitem>
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285 | </varlistentry>
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286 |
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287 | <varlistentry id="groupdel">
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288 | <term><command>groupdel</command></term>
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289 | <listitem>
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290 | <para>Deletes the group with the given name</para>
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291 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupdel">
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292 | <primary sortas="b-groupdel">groupdel</primary>
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293 | </indexterm>
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294 | </listitem>
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295 | </varlistentry>
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296 |
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297 | <varlistentry id="groupmod">
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298 | <term><command>groupmod</command></term>
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299 | <listitem>
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300 | <para>Is used to modify the given group's name or GID</para>
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301 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmod">
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302 | <primary sortas="b-groupmod">groupmod</primary>
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303 | </indexterm>
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304 | </listitem>
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305 | </varlistentry>
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306 |
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307 | <varlistentry id="grpck">
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308 | <term><command>grpck</command></term>
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309 | <listitem>
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310 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the group files
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311 | <filename>/etc/group</filename> and
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312 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></para>
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313 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpck">
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314 | <primary sortas="b-grpck">grpck</primary>
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315 | </indexterm>
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316 | </listitem>
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317 | </varlistentry>
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318 |
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319 | <varlistentry id="grpconv">
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320 | <term><command>grpconv</command></term>
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321 | <listitem>
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322 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal
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323 | group file</para>
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324 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpconv">
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325 | <primary sortas="b-grpconv">grpconv</primary>
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326 | </indexterm>
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327 | </listitem>
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328 | </varlistentry>
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329 |
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330 | <varlistentry id="grpunconv">
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331 | <term><command>grpunconv</command></term>
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332 | <listitem>
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333 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/group</filename> from
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334 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
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335 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpunconv">
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336 | <primary sortas="b-grpunconv">grpunconv</primary>
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337 | </indexterm>
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338 | </listitem>
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339 | </varlistentry>
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340 |
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341 | <varlistentry id="lastlog">
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342 | <term><command>lastlog</command></term>
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343 | <listitem>
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344 | <para>Reports the most recent login of all users or of a
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345 | given user</para>
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346 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow lastlog">
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347 | <primary sortas="b-lastlog">lastlog</primary>
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348 | </indexterm>
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349 | </listitem>
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350 | </varlistentry>
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351 |
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352 | <varlistentry id="login">
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353 | <term><command>login</command></term>
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354 | <listitem>
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355 | <para>Is used by the system to let users sign on</para>
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356 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow login">
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357 | <primary sortas="b-login">login</primary>
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358 | </indexterm>
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359 | </listitem>
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360 | </varlistentry>
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361 |
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362 | <varlistentry id="logoutd">
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363 | <term><command>logoutd</command></term>
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364 | <listitem>
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365 | <para>Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time
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366 | and ports</para>
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367 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow logoutd">
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368 | <primary sortas="b-logoutd">logoutd</primary>
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369 | </indexterm>
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370 | </listitem>
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371 | </varlistentry>
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372 |
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373 | <varlistentry id="newgrp">
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374 | <term><command>newgrp</command></term>
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375 | <listitem>
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376 | <para>Is used to change the current GID during a login session</para>
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377 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newgrp">
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378 | <primary sortas="b-newgrp">newgrp</primary>
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379 | </indexterm>
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380 | </listitem>
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381 | </varlistentry>
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382 |
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383 | <varlistentry id="newusers">
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384 | <term><command>newusers</command></term>
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385 | <listitem>
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386 | <para>Is used to create or update an entire series of user
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387 | accounts</para>
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388 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newusers">
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389 | <primary sortas="b-newusers">newusers</primary>
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390 | </indexterm>
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391 | </listitem>
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392 | </varlistentry>
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393 |
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394 | <varlistentry id="nologin">
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395 | <term><command>nologin</command></term>
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396 | <listitem>
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397 | <para>Displays a message that an account is not available. Designed
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398 | to be used as the default shell for accounts that have been
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399 | disabled</para>
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400 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow nologin">
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401 | <primary sortas="b-nologin">nologin</primary>
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402 | </indexterm>
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403 | </listitem>
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404 | </varlistentry>
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405 |
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406 | <varlistentry id="passwd">
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407 | <term><command>passwd</command></term>
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408 | <listitem>
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409 | <para>Is used to change the password for a user or group account</para>
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410 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow passwd">
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411 | <primary sortas="b-passwd">passwd</primary>
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412 | </indexterm>
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413 | </listitem>
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414 | </varlistentry>
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415 |
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416 | <varlistentry id="pwck">
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417 | <term><command>pwck</command></term>
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418 | <listitem>
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419 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the password files
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420 | <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
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421 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename></para>
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422 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwck">
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423 | <primary sortas="b-pwck">pwck</primary>
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424 | </indexterm>
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425 | </listitem>
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426 | </varlistentry>
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427 |
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428 | <varlistentry id="pwconv">
|
---|
429 | <term><command>pwconv</command></term>
|
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430 | <listitem>
|
---|
431 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal
|
---|
432 | password file</para>
|
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433 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwconv">
|
---|
434 | <primary sortas="b-pwconv">pwconv</primary>
|
---|
435 | </indexterm>
|
---|
436 | </listitem>
|
---|
437 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
438 |
|
---|
439 | <varlistentry id="pwunconv">
|
---|
440 | <term><command>pwunconv</command></term>
|
---|
441 | <listitem>
|
---|
442 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> from
|
---|
443 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
|
---|
444 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwunconv">
|
---|
445 | <primary sortas="b-pwunconv">pwunconv</primary>
|
---|
446 | </indexterm>
|
---|
447 | </listitem>
|
---|
448 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
449 |
|
---|
450 | <varlistentry id="sg">
|
---|
451 | <term><command>sg</command></term>
|
---|
452 | <listitem>
|
---|
453 | <para>Executes a given command while the user's GID
|
---|
454 | is set to that of the given group</para>
|
---|
455 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow sg">
|
---|
456 | <primary sortas="b-sg">sg</primary>
|
---|
457 | </indexterm>
|
---|
458 | </listitem>
|
---|
459 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
460 |
|
---|
461 | <varlistentry id="su">
|
---|
462 | <term><command>su</command></term>
|
---|
463 | <listitem>
|
---|
464 | <para>Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs</para>
|
---|
465 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow su">
|
---|
466 | <primary sortas="b-su">su</primary>
|
---|
467 | </indexterm>
|
---|
468 | </listitem>
|
---|
469 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
470 |
|
---|
471 | <varlistentry id="useradd">
|
---|
472 | <term><command>useradd</command></term>
|
---|
473 | <listitem>
|
---|
474 | <para>Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default
|
---|
475 | new-user information</para>
|
---|
476 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow useradd">
|
---|
477 | <primary sortas="b-useradd">useradd</primary>
|
---|
478 | </indexterm>
|
---|
479 | </listitem>
|
---|
480 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
481 |
|
---|
482 | <varlistentry id="userdel">
|
---|
483 | <term><command>userdel</command></term>
|
---|
484 | <listitem>
|
---|
485 | <para>Deletes the given user account</para>
|
---|
486 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow userdel">
|
---|
487 | <primary sortas="b-userdel">userdel</primary>
|
---|
488 | </indexterm>
|
---|
489 | </listitem>
|
---|
490 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
491 |
|
---|
492 | <varlistentry id="usermod">
|
---|
493 | <term><command>usermod</command></term>
|
---|
494 | <listitem>
|
---|
495 | <para>Is used to modify the given user's login name, User
|
---|
496 | Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home directory, etc.</para>
|
---|
497 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow usermod">
|
---|
498 | <primary sortas="b-usermod">usermod</primary>
|
---|
499 | </indexterm>
|
---|
500 | </listitem>
|
---|
501 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
502 |
|
---|
503 | <varlistentry id="vigr">
|
---|
504 | <term><command>vigr</command></term>
|
---|
505 | <listitem>
|
---|
506 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/group</filename> or
|
---|
507 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</para>
|
---|
508 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vigr">
|
---|
509 | <primary sortas="b-vigr">vigr</primary>
|
---|
510 | </indexterm>
|
---|
511 | </listitem>
|
---|
512 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
513 |
|
---|
514 | <varlistentry id="vipw">
|
---|
515 | <term><command>vipw</command></term>
|
---|
516 | <listitem>
|
---|
517 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
|
---|
518 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> files</para>
|
---|
519 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vipw">
|
---|
520 | <primary sortas="b-vipw">vipw</primary>
|
---|
521 | </indexterm>
|
---|
522 | </listitem>
|
---|
523 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
524 |
|
---|
525 | <varlistentry id="libshadow">
|
---|
526 | <term><filename class="libraryfile">libshadow</filename></term>
|
---|
527 | <listitem>
|
---|
528 | <para>Contains functions used by most programs in this package</para>
|
---|
529 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow libshadow">
|
---|
530 | <primary sortas="c-libshadow">libshadow</primary>
|
---|
531 | </indexterm>
|
---|
532 | </listitem>
|
---|
533 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
534 |
|
---|
535 | </variablelist>
|
---|
536 |
|
---|
537 | </sect2>
|
---|
538 |
|
---|
539 | </sect1>
|
---|