[3f8be484] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> |
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[aa18ac0] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" |
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [ |
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[3f8be484] | 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent"> |
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| 5 | %general-entities; |
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| 6 | ]> |
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| 7 | |
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| 8 | <sect1 id="ch-system-shadow" role="wrap"> |
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| 9 | <?dbhtml filename="shadow.html"?> |
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| 10 | |
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| 11 | <title>Shadow-&shadow-version;</title> |
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| 12 | |
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| 13 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow"> |
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| 14 | <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary> |
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| 15 | </indexterm> |
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| 16 | |
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| 17 | <sect2 role="package"> |
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| 18 | <title/> |
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| 19 | |
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| 20 | <para>The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a |
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| 21 | secure way.</para> |
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| 22 | |
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| 23 | </sect2> |
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| 24 | |
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| 25 | <sect2 role="installation"> |
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| 26 | <title>Installation of Shadow</title> |
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| 27 | |
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| 28 | <note os="a"> |
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| 29 | <para>If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords, |
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[0d4607d] | 30 | refer to <ulink url="&cblfs-root;index.php/Cracklib"/> |
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[3f8be484] | 31 | for installing Cracklib prior to building Shadow. Then add |
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| 32 | <parameter>--with-libcrack</parameter> to the <command>configure</command> |
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| 33 | command below.</para> |
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| 34 | </note> |
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| 35 | |
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[0a6ea84] | 36 | <para os="b">Disable the installation of the <command>groups</command> and |
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| 37 | <command>nologin</command> programs and their man pages, as better versions |
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| 38 | of these programs are provided by Coreutils and Util-linux:</para> |
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[9d47629] | 39 | |
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[0a6ea84] | 40 | <screen os="c"><userinput>sed -i src/Makefile.in \ |
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| 41 | -e 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' -e 's/= nologin$(EXEEXT)/= /' |
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| 42 | find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i \ |
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| 43 | -e 's/man1\/groups\.1 //' -e 's/man8\/nologin\.8 //' '{}' \;</userinput></screen> |
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[9d47629] | 44 | |
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| 45 | <para os="d">Prepare Shadow for compilation:</para> |
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[7447a2c] | 46 | |
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[9d47629] | 47 | <screen os="e"><userinput>./configure --sysconfdir=/etc</userinput></screen> |
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[7447a2c] | 48 | |
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[9d47629] | 49 | <para os="f">The meaning of the configure options:</para> |
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| 50 | |
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| 51 | <variablelist os="g"> |
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[2ae76c7c] | 52 | <varlistentry> |
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| 53 | <term><parameter>--sysconfdir=/etc</parameter></term> |
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| 54 | <listitem><para>Tells Shadow to install its configuration files into |
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[7bca962] | 55 | <filename class="directory">/etc</filename>, rather than |
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| 56 | <filename class="directory">/usr/etc</filename>.</para></listitem> |
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[2ae76c7c] | 57 | </varlistentry> |
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[e13155d] | 58 | |
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[7447a2c] | 59 | </variablelist> |
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| 60 | |
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| 61 | <para os="h">Compile the package:</para> |
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[3f8be484] | 62 | |
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[7447a2c] | 63 | <screen os="i"><userinput>make</userinput></screen> |
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[3f8be484] | 64 | |
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[d1631d1] | 65 | <para os="j">This package does not come with a test suite.</para> |
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[3f8be484] | 66 | |
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[d1631d1] | 67 | <para os="k">Install the package:</para> |
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[3f8be484] | 68 | |
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[d1631d1] | 69 | <screen os="l"><userinput>make install</userinput></screen> |
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| 70 | |
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[898e550] | 71 | <para os="m" id="shadow-login_defs">Instead of using the default |
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[3f8be484] | 72 | <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> method, use the more secure |
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[51129d2] | 73 | <emphasis>SHA512</emphasis> method of password encryption, which also allows |
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[3f8be484] | 74 | passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change the |
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| 75 | obsolete <filename class="directory">/var/spool/mail</filename> location |
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| 76 | for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename |
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[a1fb12f] | 77 | class="directory">/var/mail</filename> location used currently. Use the |
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| 78 | following sed command to make these changes to the appropriate |
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| 79 | configuration file:</para> |
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[3f8be484] | 80 | |
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[898e550] | 81 | <indexterm os="n" zone="shadow-login_defs"> |
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[3f8be484] | 82 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/login.defs">/etc/login.defs</primary> |
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| 83 | </indexterm> |
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| 84 | |
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[38fcb2c] | 85 | <screen os="s"><userinput>sed -i /etc/login.defs \ |
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[51129d2] | 86 | -e 's@#\(ENCRYPT_METHOD \).*@\1SHA512@' \ |
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[38fcb2c] | 87 | -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@'</userinput></screen> |
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[81118fc] | 88 | |
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| 89 | <note os="t"> |
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[52704239] | 90 | <para>If you built Shadow with Cracklib support, execute |
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| 91 | this <command>sed</command> to correct the path to the Cracklib |
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| 92 | dictionary:</para> |
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[3f8be484] | 93 | |
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[d67d6bd] | 94 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>sed -i 's@DICTPATH.*@DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict@' /etc/login.defs</userinput></screen> |
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[3f8be484] | 95 | </note> |
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| 96 | |
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[d1631d1] | 97 | <para os="u">Move a misplaced program to its proper location:</para> |
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[3f8be484] | 98 | |
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[d1631d1] | 99 | <screen os="v"><userinput>mv -v /usr/bin/passwd /bin</userinput></screen> |
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[3f8be484] | 100 | |
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| 101 | </sect2> |
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| 102 | |
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| 103 | <sect2 id="conf-shadow" role="configuration"> |
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| 104 | <title>Configuring Shadow</title> |
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| 105 | |
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| 106 | <indexterm zone="conf-shadow"> |
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| 107 | <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary> |
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| 108 | <secondary>configuring</secondary> |
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| 109 | </indexterm> |
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| 110 | |
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| 111 | <para>This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users and |
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| 112 | groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other administrative |
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| 113 | tasks. For a full explanation of what <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis> |
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| 114 | means, see the <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> file within the unpacked source |
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| 115 | tree. If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need to |
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| 116 | verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) must |
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| 117 | be Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with shadowed |
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| 118 | passwords.</para> |
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| 119 | |
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| 120 | <para>To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:</para> |
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| 121 | |
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| 122 | <screen><userinput>pwconv</userinput></screen> |
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| 123 | |
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| 124 | <para>To enable shadowed group passwords, run:</para> |
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| 125 | |
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[3a3e135] | 126 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>grpconv</userinput></screen> |
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[3f8be484] | 127 | |
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[a1fb12f] | 128 | <para>To view or change the default settings for new user accounts that |
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[d67d6bd] | 129 | you create, you can edit <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>. See |
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[a1fb12f] | 130 | <command>man useradd</command> or |
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[48770b9] | 131 | <ulink url="&cblfs-root;index.php/Configuring_for_Adding_Users"/> for more |
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[a1fb12f] | 132 | information.</para> |
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| 133 | |
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[3f8be484] | 134 | </sect2> |
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| 135 | |
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| 136 | <sect2 id="root-password" role="configuration"> |
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| 137 | <title>Setting the root password</title> |
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| 138 | |
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| 139 | <para>Choose a password for user <systemitem |
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| 140 | class="username">root</systemitem> and set it by running:</para> |
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| 141 | |
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[0f3854e] | 142 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>passwd root</userinput></screen> |
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[3f8be484] | 143 | |
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| 144 | </sect2> |
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| 145 | |
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| 146 | <sect2 id="contents-shadow" role="content"> |
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| 147 | <title>Contents of Shadow</title> |
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| 148 | |
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| 149 | <segmentedlist> |
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| 150 | <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle> |
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[61ad0b7f] | 151 | <segtitle>Installed directory</segtitle> |
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[3f8be484] | 152 | |
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| 153 | <seglistitem> |
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[d1f79ab] | 154 | <seg>chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd, |
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[0a11182] | 155 | groupadd, groupdel, groupmems, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, |
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[0a6ea84] | 156 | lastlog, login, logoutd, newgrp, newusers, passwd, pwck, |
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[0a11182] | 157 | pwconv, pwunconv, sg (link to newgrp), su, useradd, userdel, usermod, |
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[e29fb58] | 158 | vigr (link to vipw), and vipw</seg> |
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[61ad0b7f] | 159 | <seg>/etc/default</seg> |
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[3f8be484] | 160 | </seglistitem> |
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| 161 | </segmentedlist> |
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| 162 | |
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| 163 | <variablelist> |
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| 164 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead> |
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| 165 | <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?> |
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| 166 | <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?> |
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| 167 | |
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| 168 | <varlistentry id="chage"> |
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| 169 | <term><command>chage</command></term> |
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| 170 | <listitem> |
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| 171 | <para>Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory |
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| 172 | password changes</para> |
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| 173 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chage"> |
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| 174 | <primary sortas="b-chage">chage</primary> |
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| 175 | </indexterm> |
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| 176 | </listitem> |
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| 177 | </varlistentry> |
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| 178 | |
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| 179 | <varlistentry id="chfn"> |
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| 180 | <term><command>chfn</command></term> |
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| 181 | <listitem> |
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| 182 | <para>Used to change a user's full name and other information</para> |
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| 183 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chfn"> |
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| 184 | <primary sortas="b-chfn">chfn</primary> |
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| 185 | </indexterm> |
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| 186 | </listitem> |
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| 187 | </varlistentry> |
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| 188 | |
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[a68b59e] | 189 | <varlistentry id="chgpasswd"> |
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| 190 | <term><command>chgpasswd</command></term> |
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| 191 | <listitem> |
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| 192 | <para>Used to update group passwords in batch mode</para> |
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| 193 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chgpasswd"> |
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| 194 | <primary sortas="b-chgpasswd">chgpasswd</primary> |
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| 195 | </indexterm> |
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| 196 | </listitem> |
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| 197 | </varlistentry> |
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| 198 | |
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[3f8be484] | 199 | <varlistentry id="chpasswd"> |
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| 200 | <term><command>chpasswd</command></term> |
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| 201 | <listitem> |
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| 202 | <para>Used to update the passwords of an entire series of user |
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| 203 | accounts</para> |
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| 204 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chpasswd"> |
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| 205 | <primary sortas="b-chpasswd">chpasswd</primary> |
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| 206 | </indexterm> |
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| 207 | </listitem> |
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| 208 | </varlistentry> |
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| 209 | |
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| 210 | <varlistentry id="chsh"> |
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| 211 | <term><command>chsh</command></term> |
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| 212 | <listitem> |
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| 213 | <para>Used to change a user's default login shell</para> |
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| 214 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chsh"> |
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| 215 | <primary sortas="b-chsh">chsh</primary> |
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| 216 | </indexterm> |
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| 217 | </listitem> |
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| 218 | </varlistentry> |
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| 219 | |
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| 220 | <varlistentry id="expiry"> |
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| 221 | <term><command>expiry</command></term> |
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| 222 | <listitem> |
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| 223 | <para>Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy</para> |
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| 224 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow expiry"> |
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| 225 | <primary sortas="b-expiry">expiry</primary> |
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| 226 | </indexterm> |
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| 227 | </listitem> |
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| 228 | </varlistentry> |
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| 229 | |
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| 230 | <varlistentry id="faillog"> |
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| 231 | <term><command>faillog</command></term> |
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| 232 | <listitem> |
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| 233 | <para>Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum |
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| 234 | number of failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the |
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| 235 | failure count</para> |
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| 236 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow faillog"> |
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| 237 | <primary sortas="b-faillog">faillog</primary> |
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| 238 | </indexterm> |
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| 239 | </listitem> |
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| 240 | </varlistentry> |
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| 241 | |
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| 242 | <varlistentry id="gpasswd"> |
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| 243 | <term><command>gpasswd</command></term> |
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| 244 | <listitem> |
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| 245 | <para>Is used to add and delete members and administrators to |
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| 246 | groups</para> |
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| 247 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow gpasswd"> |
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| 248 | <primary sortas="b-gpasswd">gpasswd</primary> |
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| 249 | </indexterm> |
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| 250 | </listitem> |
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| 251 | </varlistentry> |
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| 252 | |
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| 253 | <varlistentry id="groupadd"> |
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| 254 | <term><command>groupadd</command></term> |
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| 255 | <listitem> |
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| 256 | <para>Creates a group with the given name</para> |
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| 257 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupadd"> |
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| 258 | <primary sortas="b-groupadd">groupadd</primary> |
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| 259 | </indexterm> |
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| 260 | </listitem> |
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| 261 | </varlistentry> |
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| 262 | |
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| 263 | <varlistentry id="groupdel"> |
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| 264 | <term><command>groupdel</command></term> |
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| 265 | <listitem> |
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| 266 | <para>Deletes the group with the given name</para> |
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| 267 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupdel"> |
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| 268 | <primary sortas="b-groupdel">groupdel</primary> |
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| 269 | </indexterm> |
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| 270 | </listitem> |
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| 271 | </varlistentry> |
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| 272 | |
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[0a11182] | 273 | <varlistentry id="groupmems"> |
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| 274 | <term><command>groupmems</command></term> |
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| 275 | <listitem> |
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| 276 | <para>Allows a user to administer his/her own group membership list |
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| 277 | without the requirement of superuser privileges</para> |
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| 278 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmems"> |
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| 279 | <primary sortas="b-groupmems">groupmems</primary> |
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| 280 | </indexterm> |
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| 281 | </listitem> |
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| 282 | </varlistentry> |
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| 283 | |
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[3f8be484] | 284 | <varlistentry id="groupmod"> |
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| 285 | <term><command>groupmod</command></term> |
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| 286 | <listitem> |
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| 287 | <para>Is used to modify the given group's name or GID</para> |
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| 288 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmod"> |
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| 289 | <primary sortas="b-groupmod">groupmod</primary> |
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| 290 | </indexterm> |
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| 291 | </listitem> |
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| 292 | </varlistentry> |
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| 293 | |
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| 294 | <varlistentry id="grpck"> |
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| 295 | <term><command>grpck</command></term> |
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| 296 | <listitem> |
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| 297 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the group files |
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| 298 | <filename>/etc/group</filename> and |
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| 299 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></para> |
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| 300 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpck"> |
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| 301 | <primary sortas="b-grpck">grpck</primary> |
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| 302 | </indexterm> |
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| 303 | </listitem> |
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| 304 | </varlistentry> |
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| 305 | |
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| 306 | <varlistentry id="grpconv"> |
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| 307 | <term><command>grpconv</command></term> |
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| 308 | <listitem> |
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| 309 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal |
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| 310 | group file</para> |
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| 311 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpconv"> |
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| 312 | <primary sortas="b-grpconv">grpconv</primary> |
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| 313 | </indexterm> |
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| 314 | </listitem> |
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| 315 | </varlistentry> |
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| 316 | |
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| 317 | <varlistentry id="grpunconv"> |
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| 318 | <term><command>grpunconv</command></term> |
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| 319 | <listitem> |
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| 320 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/group</filename> from |
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| 321 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para> |
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| 322 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpunconv"> |
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| 323 | <primary sortas="b-grpunconv">grpunconv</primary> |
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| 324 | </indexterm> |
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| 325 | </listitem> |
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| 326 | </varlistentry> |
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| 327 | |
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| 328 | <varlistentry id="lastlog"> |
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| 329 | <term><command>lastlog</command></term> |
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| 330 | <listitem> |
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| 331 | <para>Reports the most recent login of all users or of a |
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| 332 | given user</para> |
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| 333 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow lastlog"> |
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| 334 | <primary sortas="b-lastlog">lastlog</primary> |
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| 335 | </indexterm> |
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| 336 | </listitem> |
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| 337 | </varlistentry> |
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| 338 | |
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| 339 | <varlistentry id="login"> |
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| 340 | <term><command>login</command></term> |
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| 341 | <listitem> |
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| 342 | <para>Is used by the system to let users sign on</para> |
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| 343 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow login"> |
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| 344 | <primary sortas="b-login">login</primary> |
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| 345 | </indexterm> |
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| 346 | </listitem> |
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| 347 | </varlistentry> |
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| 348 | |
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| 349 | <varlistentry id="logoutd"> |
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| 350 | <term><command>logoutd</command></term> |
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| 351 | <listitem> |
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| 352 | <para>Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time |
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| 353 | and ports</para> |
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| 354 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow logoutd"> |
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| 355 | <primary sortas="b-logoutd">logoutd</primary> |
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| 356 | </indexterm> |
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| 357 | </listitem> |
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| 358 | </varlistentry> |
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| 359 | |
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| 360 | <varlistentry id="newgrp"> |
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| 361 | <term><command>newgrp</command></term> |
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| 362 | <listitem> |
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| 363 | <para>Is used to change the current GID during a login session</para> |
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| 364 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newgrp"> |
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| 365 | <primary sortas="b-newgrp">newgrp</primary> |
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| 366 | </indexterm> |
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| 367 | </listitem> |
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| 368 | </varlistentry> |
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| 369 | |
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| 370 | <varlistentry id="newusers"> |
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| 371 | <term><command>newusers</command></term> |
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| 372 | <listitem> |
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| 373 | <para>Is used to create or update an entire series of user |
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| 374 | accounts</para> |
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| 375 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newusers"> |
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| 376 | <primary sortas="b-newusers">newusers</primary> |
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| 377 | </indexterm> |
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| 378 | </listitem> |
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| 379 | </varlistentry> |
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| 380 | |
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| 381 | <varlistentry id="passwd"> |
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| 382 | <term><command>passwd</command></term> |
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| 383 | <listitem> |
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| 384 | <para>Is used to change the password for a user or group account</para> |
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| 385 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow passwd"> |
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| 386 | <primary sortas="b-passwd">passwd</primary> |
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| 387 | </indexterm> |
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| 388 | </listitem> |
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| 389 | </varlistentry> |
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| 390 | |
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| 391 | <varlistentry id="pwck"> |
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| 392 | <term><command>pwck</command></term> |
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| 393 | <listitem> |
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| 394 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the password files |
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| 395 | <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and |
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| 396 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename></para> |
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| 397 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwck"> |
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| 398 | <primary sortas="b-pwck">pwck</primary> |
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| 399 | </indexterm> |
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| 400 | </listitem> |
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| 401 | </varlistentry> |
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| 402 | |
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| 403 | <varlistentry id="pwconv"> |
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| 404 | <term><command>pwconv</command></term> |
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| 405 | <listitem> |
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| 406 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal |
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| 407 | password file</para> |
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| 408 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwconv"> |
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| 409 | <primary sortas="b-pwconv">pwconv</primary> |
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| 410 | </indexterm> |
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| 411 | </listitem> |
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| 412 | </varlistentry> |
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| 413 | |
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| 414 | <varlistentry id="pwunconv"> |
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| 415 | <term><command>pwunconv</command></term> |
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| 416 | <listitem> |
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| 417 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> from |
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| 418 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para> |
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| 419 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwunconv"> |
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| 420 | <primary sortas="b-pwunconv">pwunconv</primary> |
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| 421 | </indexterm> |
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| 422 | </listitem> |
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| 423 | </varlistentry> |
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| 424 | |
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| 425 | <varlistentry id="sg"> |
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| 426 | <term><command>sg</command></term> |
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| 427 | <listitem> |
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| 428 | <para>Executes a given command while the user's GID |
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| 429 | is set to that of the given group</para> |
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| 430 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow sg"> |
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| 431 | <primary sortas="b-sg">sg</primary> |
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| 432 | </indexterm> |
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| 433 | </listitem> |
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| 434 | </varlistentry> |
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| 435 | |
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| 436 | <varlistentry id="su"> |
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| 437 | <term><command>su</command></term> |
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| 438 | <listitem> |
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| 439 | <para>Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs</para> |
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| 440 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow su"> |
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| 441 | <primary sortas="b-su">su</primary> |
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| 442 | </indexterm> |
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| 443 | </listitem> |
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| 444 | </varlistentry> |
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| 445 | |
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| 446 | <varlistentry id="useradd"> |
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| 447 | <term><command>useradd</command></term> |
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| 448 | <listitem> |
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| 449 | <para>Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default |
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| 450 | new-user information</para> |
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| 451 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow useradd"> |
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| 452 | <primary sortas="b-useradd">useradd</primary> |
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| 453 | </indexterm> |
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| 454 | </listitem> |
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| 455 | </varlistentry> |
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| 456 | |
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| 457 | <varlistentry id="userdel"> |
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| 458 | <term><command>userdel</command></term> |
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| 459 | <listitem> |
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| 460 | <para>Deletes the given user account</para> |
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| 461 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow userdel"> |
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| 462 | <primary sortas="b-userdel">userdel</primary> |
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| 463 | </indexterm> |
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| 464 | </listitem> |
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| 465 | </varlistentry> |
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| 466 | |
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| 467 | <varlistentry id="usermod"> |
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| 468 | <term><command>usermod</command></term> |
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| 469 | <listitem> |
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| 470 | <para>Is used to modify the given user's login name, User |
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| 471 | Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home directory, etc.</para> |
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| 472 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow usermod"> |
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| 473 | <primary sortas="b-usermod">usermod</primary> |
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| 474 | </indexterm> |
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| 475 | </listitem> |
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| 476 | </varlistentry> |
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| 477 | |
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| 478 | <varlistentry id="vigr"> |
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| 479 | <term><command>vigr</command></term> |
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| 480 | <listitem> |
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| 481 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/group</filename> or |
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| 482 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</para> |
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| 483 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vigr"> |
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| 484 | <primary sortas="b-vigr">vigr</primary> |
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| 485 | </indexterm> |
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| 486 | </listitem> |
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| 487 | </varlistentry> |
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| 488 | |
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| 489 | <varlistentry id="vipw"> |
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| 490 | <term><command>vipw</command></term> |
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| 491 | <listitem> |
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| 492 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or |
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| 493 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> files</para> |
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| 494 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vipw"> |
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| 495 | <primary sortas="b-vipw">vipw</primary> |
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| 496 | </indexterm> |
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| 497 | </listitem> |
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| 498 | </varlistentry> |
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| 499 | |
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| 500 | </variablelist> |
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| 501 | |
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| 502 | </sect2> |
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| 503 | |
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| 504 | </sect1> |
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