source: BOOK/final-system/common/shadow.xml@ 479720a

systemd
Last change on this file since 479720a was e3e2a37, checked in by Chris Staub <chris@…>, 9 years ago

Create /var/log/faillog
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[3f8be484]1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
[aa18ac0]2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
[3f8be484]4 <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
5 %general-entities;
6]>
7
8<sect1 id="ch-system-shadow" role="wrap">
9 <?dbhtml filename="shadow.html"?>
10
11 <title>Shadow-&shadow-version;</title>
12
13 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow">
14 <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
15 </indexterm>
16
17 <sect2 role="package">
18 <title/>
19
20 <para>The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a
21 secure way.</para>
22
23 </sect2>
24
25 <sect2 role="installation">
26 <title>Installation of Shadow</title>
27
28 <note os="a">
29 <para>If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords,
[0d4607d]30 refer to <ulink url="&cblfs-root;index.php/Cracklib"/>
[9d5637f5]31 for installing Cracklib prior to building Shadow. After Cracklib is
32 installed, execute this <command>sed</command> in Shadow's source
33 directory to correct the path to the Cracklib dictionary:</para>
34
35<screen role="nodump"><userinput>sed -i 's@\(DICTPATH.\).*@\1/lib/cracklib/pw_dict@' etc/login.defs</userinput></screen>
36
37 <para>Finally, add <parameter>--with-libcrack</parameter> to the
38 <command>configure</command> command below.</para>
39
[3f8be484]40 </note>
41
[0a6ea84]42 <para os="b">Disable the installation of the <command>groups</command> and
43 <command>nologin</command> programs and their man pages, as better versions
44 of these programs are provided by Coreutils and Util-linux:</para>
[9d47629]45
[0a6ea84]46<screen os="c"><userinput>sed -i src/Makefile.in \
47 -e 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' -e 's/= nologin$(EXEEXT)/= /'
48find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i \
49 -e 's/man1\/groups\.1 //' -e 's/man8\/nologin\.8 //' '{}' \;</userinput></screen>
[9d47629]50
51 <para os="d">Prepare Shadow for compilation:</para>
[7447a2c]52
[7cd7f99]53<screen os="e"><userinput>./configure \
54 --sysconfdir=/etc</userinput></screen>
[7447a2c]55
[2f1545e]56<para os="f">The meaning of the new configure option:</para>
[9d47629]57
58 <variablelist os="g">
[2ae76c7c]59 <varlistentry>
60 <term><parameter>--sysconfdir=/etc</parameter></term>
61 <listitem><para>Tells Shadow to install its configuration files into
[7bca962]62 <filename class="directory">/etc</filename>, rather than
63 <filename class="directory">/usr/etc</filename>.</para></listitem>
[2ae76c7c]64 </varlistentry>
[24b004c]65
[7447a2c]66 </variablelist>
67
68 <para os="h">Compile the package:</para>
[3f8be484]69
[7447a2c]70<screen os="i"><userinput>make</userinput></screen>
[3f8be484]71
[d1631d1]72 <para os="j">This package does not come with a test suite.</para>
[3f8be484]73
[d1631d1]74 <para os="k">Install the package:</para>
[3f8be484]75
[d1631d1]76<screen os="l"><userinput>make install</userinput></screen>
77
[898e550]78 <para os="m" id="shadow-login_defs">Instead of using the default
[59a3524]79 <emphasis>DES</emphasis> method, use the more secure
[51129d2]80 <emphasis>SHA512</emphasis> method of password encryption, which also allows
[3f8be484]81 passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change the
82 obsolete <filename class="directory">/var/spool/mail</filename> location
83 for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename
[a1fb12f]84 class="directory">/var/mail</filename> location used currently. Use the
85 following sed command to make these changes to the appropriate
86 configuration file:</para>
[3f8be484]87
[898e550]88 <indexterm os="n" zone="shadow-login_defs">
[3f8be484]89 <primary sortas="e-/etc/login.defs">/etc/login.defs</primary>
90 </indexterm>
91
[38fcb2c]92<screen os="s"><userinput>sed -i /etc/login.defs \
[51129d2]93 -e 's@#\(ENCRYPT_METHOD \).*@\1SHA512@' \
[38fcb2c]94 -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@'</userinput></screen>
[81118fc]95
[9d5637f5]96 <para os="t">Move a misplaced program to its proper location:</para>
[3f8be484]97
[9d5637f5]98<screen os="u"><userinput>mv -v /usr/bin/passwd /bin</userinput></screen>
[3f8be484]99
[9d5637f5]100 <para os="v">The <command>login</command> program will write to
[e3e2a37]101 <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>, to record failed login attempts, and
102 <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename>, to record the date and
103 time of the latest successful login for each user. These log files are not
104 created automatically if they do not already exist, so we will
105 create them now and give them appropriate ownership and permissions:</para>
106
107<screen os="w"><userinput>touch /var/log/{fail,last}log
108chgrp -v utmp /var/log/{fail,last}log
109chmod -v 664 /var/log/{fail,last}log</userinput></screen>
[195f497]110
[3f8be484]111 </sect2>
112
113 <sect2 id="conf-shadow" role="configuration">
114 <title>Configuring Shadow</title>
115
116 <indexterm zone="conf-shadow">
117 <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
118 <secondary>configuring</secondary>
119 </indexterm>
120
121 <para>This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users and
122 groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other administrative
123 tasks. For a full explanation of what <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis>
124 means, see the <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> file within the unpacked source
125 tree. If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need to
126 verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) must
127 be Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with shadowed
128 passwords.</para>
129
130 <para>To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:</para>
131
132<screen><userinput>pwconv</userinput></screen>
133
134 <para>To enable shadowed group passwords, run:</para>
135
[3a3e135]136<screen role="nodump"><userinput>grpconv</userinput></screen>
[3f8be484]137
[a1fb12f]138 <para>To view or change the default settings for new user accounts that
[d67d6bd]139 you create, you can edit <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>. See
[a1fb12f]140 <command>man useradd</command> or
[48770b9]141 <ulink url="&cblfs-root;index.php/Configuring_for_Adding_Users"/> for more
[a1fb12f]142 information.</para>
143
[3f8be484]144 </sect2>
145
146 <sect2 id="root-password" role="configuration">
147 <title>Setting the root password</title>
148
149 <para>Choose a password for user <systemitem
150 class="username">root</systemitem> and set it by running:</para>
151
[0f3854e]152<screen role="nodump"><userinput>passwd root</userinput></screen>
[3f8be484]153
154 </sect2>
155
156 <sect2 id="contents-shadow" role="content">
157 <title>Contents of Shadow</title>
158
159 <segmentedlist>
160 <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
[61ad0b7f]161 <segtitle>Installed directory</segtitle>
[3f8be484]162
163 <seglistitem>
[d1f79ab]164 <seg>chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd,
[0a11182]165 groupadd, groupdel, groupmems, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv,
[0a6ea84]166 lastlog, login, logoutd, newgrp, newusers, passwd, pwck,
[0a11182]167 pwconv, pwunconv, sg (link to newgrp), su, useradd, userdel, usermod,
[f698055a]168 vigr (link to vipw), vipw</seg>
[61ad0b7f]169 <seg>/etc/default</seg>
[3f8be484]170 </seglistitem>
171 </segmentedlist>
172
173 <variablelist>
174 <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
175 <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
176 <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
177
178 <varlistentry id="chage">
179 <term><command>chage</command></term>
180 <listitem>
181 <para>Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory
182 password changes</para>
183 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chage">
184 <primary sortas="b-chage">chage</primary>
185 </indexterm>
186 </listitem>
187 </varlistentry>
188
189 <varlistentry id="chfn">
190 <term><command>chfn</command></term>
191 <listitem>
192 <para>Used to change a user's full name and other information</para>
193 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chfn">
194 <primary sortas="b-chfn">chfn</primary>
195 </indexterm>
196 </listitem>
197 </varlistentry>
198
[a68b59e]199 <varlistentry id="chgpasswd">
200 <term><command>chgpasswd</command></term>
201 <listitem>
202 <para>Used to update group passwords in batch mode</para>
203 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chgpasswd">
204 <primary sortas="b-chgpasswd">chgpasswd</primary>
205 </indexterm>
206 </listitem>
207 </varlistentry>
208
[3f8be484]209 <varlistentry id="chpasswd">
210 <term><command>chpasswd</command></term>
211 <listitem>
212 <para>Used to update the passwords of an entire series of user
213 accounts</para>
214 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chpasswd">
215 <primary sortas="b-chpasswd">chpasswd</primary>
216 </indexterm>
217 </listitem>
218 </varlistentry>
219
220 <varlistentry id="chsh">
221 <term><command>chsh</command></term>
222 <listitem>
223 <para>Used to change a user's default login shell</para>
224 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chsh">
225 <primary sortas="b-chsh">chsh</primary>
226 </indexterm>
227 </listitem>
228 </varlistentry>
229
230 <varlistentry id="expiry">
231 <term><command>expiry</command></term>
232 <listitem>
233 <para>Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy</para>
234 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow expiry">
235 <primary sortas="b-expiry">expiry</primary>
236 </indexterm>
237 </listitem>
238 </varlistentry>
239
240 <varlistentry id="faillog">
241 <term><command>faillog</command></term>
242 <listitem>
243 <para>Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum
244 number of failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the
245 failure count</para>
246 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow faillog">
247 <primary sortas="b-faillog">faillog</primary>
248 </indexterm>
249 </listitem>
250 </varlistentry>
251
252 <varlistentry id="gpasswd">
253 <term><command>gpasswd</command></term>
254 <listitem>
255 <para>Is used to add and delete members and administrators to
256 groups</para>
257 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow gpasswd">
258 <primary sortas="b-gpasswd">gpasswd</primary>
259 </indexterm>
260 </listitem>
261 </varlistentry>
262
263 <varlistentry id="groupadd">
264 <term><command>groupadd</command></term>
265 <listitem>
266 <para>Creates a group with the given name</para>
267 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupadd">
268 <primary sortas="b-groupadd">groupadd</primary>
269 </indexterm>
270 </listitem>
271 </varlistentry>
272
273 <varlistentry id="groupdel">
274 <term><command>groupdel</command></term>
275 <listitem>
276 <para>Deletes the group with the given name</para>
277 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupdel">
278 <primary sortas="b-groupdel">groupdel</primary>
279 </indexterm>
280 </listitem>
281 </varlistentry>
282
[0a11182]283 <varlistentry id="groupmems">
284 <term><command>groupmems</command></term>
285 <listitem>
286 <para>Allows a user to administer his/her own group membership list
287 without the requirement of superuser privileges</para>
288 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmems">
289 <primary sortas="b-groupmems">groupmems</primary>
290 </indexterm>
291 </listitem>
292 </varlistentry>
293
[3f8be484]294 <varlistentry id="groupmod">
295 <term><command>groupmod</command></term>
296 <listitem>
297 <para>Is used to modify the given group's name or GID</para>
298 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmod">
299 <primary sortas="b-groupmod">groupmod</primary>
300 </indexterm>
301 </listitem>
302 </varlistentry>
303
304 <varlistentry id="grpck">
305 <term><command>grpck</command></term>
306 <listitem>
307 <para>Verifies the integrity of the group files
308 <filename>/etc/group</filename> and
309 <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></para>
310 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpck">
311 <primary sortas="b-grpck">grpck</primary>
312 </indexterm>
313 </listitem>
314 </varlistentry>
315
316 <varlistentry id="grpconv">
317 <term><command>grpconv</command></term>
318 <listitem>
319 <para>Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal
320 group file</para>
321 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpconv">
322 <primary sortas="b-grpconv">grpconv</primary>
323 </indexterm>
324 </listitem>
325 </varlistentry>
326
327 <varlistentry id="grpunconv">
328 <term><command>grpunconv</command></term>
329 <listitem>
330 <para>Updates <filename>/etc/group</filename> from
331 <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
332 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpunconv">
333 <primary sortas="b-grpunconv">grpunconv</primary>
334 </indexterm>
335 </listitem>
336 </varlistentry>
337
338 <varlistentry id="lastlog">
339 <term><command>lastlog</command></term>
340 <listitem>
341 <para>Reports the most recent login of all users or of a
342 given user</para>
343 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow lastlog">
344 <primary sortas="b-lastlog">lastlog</primary>
345 </indexterm>
346 </listitem>
347 </varlistentry>
348
349 <varlistentry id="login">
350 <term><command>login</command></term>
351 <listitem>
352 <para>Is used by the system to let users sign on</para>
353 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow login">
354 <primary sortas="b-login">login</primary>
355 </indexterm>
356 </listitem>
357 </varlistentry>
358
359 <varlistentry id="logoutd">
360 <term><command>logoutd</command></term>
361 <listitem>
362 <para>Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time
363 and ports</para>
364 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow logoutd">
365 <primary sortas="b-logoutd">logoutd</primary>
366 </indexterm>
367 </listitem>
368 </varlistentry>
369
370 <varlistentry id="newgrp">
371 <term><command>newgrp</command></term>
372 <listitem>
373 <para>Is used to change the current GID during a login session</para>
374 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newgrp">
375 <primary sortas="b-newgrp">newgrp</primary>
376 </indexterm>
377 </listitem>
378 </varlistentry>
379
380 <varlistentry id="newusers">
381 <term><command>newusers</command></term>
382 <listitem>
383 <para>Is used to create or update an entire series of user
384 accounts</para>
385 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newusers">
386 <primary sortas="b-newusers">newusers</primary>
387 </indexterm>
388 </listitem>
389 </varlistentry>
390
391 <varlistentry id="passwd">
392 <term><command>passwd</command></term>
393 <listitem>
394 <para>Is used to change the password for a user or group account</para>
395 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow passwd">
396 <primary sortas="b-passwd">passwd</primary>
397 </indexterm>
398 </listitem>
399 </varlistentry>
400
401 <varlistentry id="pwck">
402 <term><command>pwck</command></term>
403 <listitem>
404 <para>Verifies the integrity of the password files
405 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
406 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename></para>
407 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwck">
408 <primary sortas="b-pwck">pwck</primary>
409 </indexterm>
410 </listitem>
411 </varlistentry>
412
413 <varlistentry id="pwconv">
414 <term><command>pwconv</command></term>
415 <listitem>
416 <para>Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal
417 password file</para>
418 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwconv">
419 <primary sortas="b-pwconv">pwconv</primary>
420 </indexterm>
421 </listitem>
422 </varlistentry>
423
424 <varlistentry id="pwunconv">
425 <term><command>pwunconv</command></term>
426 <listitem>
427 <para>Updates <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> from
428 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
429 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwunconv">
430 <primary sortas="b-pwunconv">pwunconv</primary>
431 </indexterm>
432 </listitem>
433 </varlistentry>
434
435 <varlistentry id="sg">
436 <term><command>sg</command></term>
437 <listitem>
438 <para>Executes a given command while the user's GID
439 is set to that of the given group</para>
440 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow sg">
441 <primary sortas="b-sg">sg</primary>
442 </indexterm>
443 </listitem>
444 </varlistentry>
445
446 <varlistentry id="su">
447 <term><command>su</command></term>
448 <listitem>
449 <para>Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs</para>
450 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow su">
451 <primary sortas="b-su">su</primary>
452 </indexterm>
453 </listitem>
454 </varlistentry>
455
456 <varlistentry id="useradd">
457 <term><command>useradd</command></term>
458 <listitem>
459 <para>Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default
460 new-user information</para>
461 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow useradd">
462 <primary sortas="b-useradd">useradd</primary>
463 </indexterm>
464 </listitem>
465 </varlistentry>
466
467 <varlistentry id="userdel">
468 <term><command>userdel</command></term>
469 <listitem>
470 <para>Deletes the given user account</para>
471 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow userdel">
472 <primary sortas="b-userdel">userdel</primary>
473 </indexterm>
474 </listitem>
475 </varlistentry>
476
477 <varlistentry id="usermod">
478 <term><command>usermod</command></term>
479 <listitem>
480 <para>Is used to modify the given user's login name, User
481 Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home directory, etc.</para>
482 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow usermod">
483 <primary sortas="b-usermod">usermod</primary>
484 </indexterm>
485 </listitem>
486 </varlistentry>
487
488 <varlistentry id="vigr">
489 <term><command>vigr</command></term>
490 <listitem>
491 <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/group</filename> or
492 <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</para>
493 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vigr">
494 <primary sortas="b-vigr">vigr</primary>
495 </indexterm>
496 </listitem>
497 </varlistentry>
498
499 <varlistentry id="vipw">
500 <term><command>vipw</command></term>
501 <listitem>
502 <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
503 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> files</para>
504 <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vipw">
505 <primary sortas="b-vipw">vipw</primary>
506 </indexterm>
507 </listitem>
508 </varlistentry>
509
510 </variablelist>
511
512 </sect2>
513
514</sect1>
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