source: BOOK/bootable/x86/kernel.xml@ b562af6

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
  %general-entities;
]>

<sect1 id="ch-bootable-kernel" role="wrap">
  <?dbhtml filename="kernel.html"?>

  <title>Linux-&linux-version;</title>

  <indexterm zone="ch-bootable-kernel">
    <primary sortas="a-Linux">Linux</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <sect2 role="package"><title/>
    <para>The Linux package contains the Linux kernel.</para>

    <segmentedlist>
      <segtitle>&dependencies;</segtitle>

      <seglistitem>
        <seg>Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Findutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep,
        Gzip, Make, Modutils, Perl, and Sed</seg>
      </seglistitem>
    </segmentedlist>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 role="installation">
    <title>Installation of the kernel</title>

    <para os="a">Building the kernel involves a few steps&mdash;configuration,
    compilation, and installation. Read the <filename>README</filename>
    file in the kernel source tree for alternative methods to the way this
    book configures the kernel.</para>

    <para os="b">Prepare for compilation by running the following command:</para>

<screen os="c"><userinput>make mrproper</userinput></screen>

    <para os="d">This ensures that the kernel tree is absolutely clean. The
    kernel team recommends that this command be issued prior to each
    kernel compilation. Do not rely on the source tree being clean after
    un-tarring.</para>

    <para os="e">If, in <xref linkend="ch-scripts-console" role=","/> it was
    decided to compile the keymap into the kernel, issue the command
    below:</para>

<screen os="f"><userinput>loadkeys -m /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/<replaceable>[path to  keymap]</replaceable> &gt; \
    drivers/char/defkeymap.c</userinput></screen>

    <para os="g">For example, if using a Dutch keyboard, use
    <filename>/usr/share/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/nl.map.gz</filename>.</para>

    <para os="h">Configure the kernel via a menu-driven interface. BLFS has
    some information regarding particular kernel configuration requirements of
    packages outside of LFS at <ulink
    url="&blfs-root;view/svn/longindex.html#kernel-config-index"/>:</para>

<screen os="i"><userinput>make menuconfig</userinput></screen>

    <para os="j">Alternatively, <command>make oldconfig</command> may be more
    appropriate in some situations. See the <filename>README</filename>
    file for more information.</para>

    <para os="k">If desired, skip kernel configuration by copying the kernel
    config file, <filename>.config</filename>, from the host system
    (assuming it is available) to the root directory of the unpacked kernel
    sources. However, we do not recommend this option. It is often better
    to explore all the configuration menus and create the kernel configuration
    from scratch.</para>

    <note os="l">
      <para>Linux-2.6 kernel series requires to be compiled with GCC-3.x or
      later, in this case &gcc-version;. It is not recommended to compile the
      kernel with GCC-2.95.x, as this causes failures in the Glibc test suite.
      Normally, this wouldn't be mentioned as LFS doesn't build GCC-2.95.x.
      Unfortunately, the kernel documentation is outdated and still claims
      GCC-2.95.3 is the recommended compiler.</para>
    </note>

    <para os="m">Compile the kernel image and modules:</para>

<screen os="n"><userinput>make</userinput></screen>

    <para os="o">If using kernel modules, an
    <filename>/etc/modprobe.conf</filename> file may be needed.
    Information pertaining to modules and kernel configuration is
    located in the kernel documentation in the <filename
    class="directory">Documentation</filename> directory of the kernel
    sources tree. Also, <filename>modprobe.conf(5)</filename> may
    be of interest.</para>

    <para os="p">Be very careful when reading other documentation relating to
    kernel modules because it usually applies to 2.4.x kernels only. As
    far as we know, kernel configuration issues specific to Hotplug and
    Udev are not documented. The problem is that Udev will create a device
    node only if Hotplug or a user-written script inserts the corresponding
    module into the kernel, and not all modules are detectable by Hotplug.
    Note that statements like the one below in the
    <filename>/etc/modprobe.conf</filename> file do not work with Udev:</para>

<screen os="q"><literal>alias char-major-XXX some-module</literal></screen>

    <para os="r">Because of the complications with Hotplug, Udev, and modules,
    we strongly recommend starting with a completely non-modular kernel
    configuration, especially if this is the first time using Udev.</para>

    <para os="s">Install the modules, if the kernel configuration uses
    them:</para>

<screen os="t"><userinput>make modules_install</userinput></screen>

    <para os="u">After kernel compilation is complete, additional steps are
    required to complete the installation. Some files need to be copied to
    the <filename class="directory">/boot</filename> directory.</para>

    <para os="v">Issue the following command to install the kernel:</para>

<screen><userinput>cp arch/i386/boot/bzImage /boot/lfskernel-&linux-version;</userinput></screen>

    <para os="w"><filename>System.map</filename> is a symbol file for the kernel.
    It maps the function entry points of every function in the kernel API,
    as well as the addresses of the kernel data structures for the running
    kernel. Issue the following command to install the map file:</para>

<screen os="w1"><userinput>cp System.map /boot/System.map-&linux-version;</userinput></screen>

    <para os="x">The kernel configuration file <filename>.config</filename>
    produced by the <command>make menuconfig</command> step above contains
    all the configuration selections for the kernel that was just compiled.
    It is a good idea to keep this file for future reference:</para>

<screen os="x1"><userinput>cp .config /boot/config-&linux-version;</userinput></screen>

    <para os="y">It is important to note that the files in the kernel source
    directory are not owned by <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>.
    Whenever a package is unpacked as user <systemitem
    class="username">root</systemitem> (like we did
    inside chroot), the files have the user and group IDs of whatever
    they were on the packager's computer. This is usually not a problem
    for any other package to be installed because the source tree is
    removed after the installation. However, the Linux source tree is
    often retained for a long time.  Because of this, there is a chance
    that whatever user ID the packager used will be assigned to somebody
    on the machine. That person would then have write access to the kernel
    source.</para>

    <para os="y1">If the kernel source tree is going to retained, run
    <command>chown -R 0:0</command> on the <filename
    class="directory">linux-&linux-version;</filename> directory to
    ensure all files are owned by user <systemitem
    class="username">root</systemitem>.</para>

    <warning os="z">
      <para>Some kernel documentation recommends creating a symlink from
      <filename class="symlink">/usr/src/linux</filename> pointing to the
      kernel source directory. This is specific to kernels prior to the
      2.6 series and <emphasis>must not</emphasis> be created on an LFS
      system as it can cause problems for packages you may wish to build
      once your base LFS system is complete.</para>

      <para>Also, the headers in the system's <filename
      class="directory">include</filename> directory should
      <emphasis>always</emphasis> be the ones against which Glibc was
      compiled, that is, the ones from the Linux-Libc-Headers package,
      and therefore, should <emphasis>never</emphasis> be replaced by
      the kernel headers.</para>
    </warning>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="contents-kernel" role="content">
    <title>Contents of Linux</title>

    <segmentedlist>
      <segtitle>Installed files</segtitle>

      <seglistitem>
        <seg>config-[linux-version], lfskernel-[linux-version],
        and System.map-[linux-version]</seg>
      </seglistitem>
    </segmentedlist>

    <variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
      <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
      <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>

      <varlistentry id="config">
        <term><filename>config-[linux-version]</filename></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Contains all the configuration selections for the kernel</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-bootable-kernel config">
            <primary sortas="e-/boot/config">/boot/config-[linux-version]</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="lfskernel">
        <term><filename>lfskernel-[linux-version]</filename></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>The engine of the Linux system. When turning on the
          computer, the kernel is the first part of the operating system
          that gets loaded. It detects and initializes all components of
          the computer's hardware, then makes these components available
          as a tree of files to the software and turns a single CPU into
          a multitasking machine capable of running scores of programs
          seemingly at the same time.</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-bootable-kernel lfskernel">
            <primary sortas="b-lfskernel">lfskernel-[linux-version]</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="System.map">
        <term><filename>System.map-[linux-version]</filename></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>A list of addresses and symbols; it maps the entry points
          and addresses of all the functions and data structures in the
          kernel</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-bootable-kernel System.map">
            <primary sortas="e-/boot/System.map">/boot/System.map-[linux-version]</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>

  </sect2>

</sect1>