%general-entities; ]> /etc/passwd /etc/group In order for user root to be able to login and for the name root to be recognized, there must be relevant entries in the /etc/passwd and /etc/group files. Create the ${CLFS}/etc/passwd file by running the following command: cat > ${CLFS}/etc/passwd << "EOF" root::&uid-root;:&gid-root;:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:&uid-bin;:&gid-bin;:/bin:/bin/false daemon:x:&uid-daemon;:&gid-daemon;:/sbin:/bin/false messagebus:x:&uid-messagebus;:&gid-messagebus;:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false nobody:x:&uid-nobody;:&gid-nogroup;:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false EOF The actual password for root (the :: used here is just a placeholder and allows you to login with no password) will be set later. adm:x:&uid-adm;:&gid-adm;:adm:/var/adm:/bin/false Was used for programs that performed administrative tasks. lp:x:&uid-lp;:&gid-lp;:lp:/var/spool/lp:/bin/false Used by programs for printing mail:x:&uid-mail;:&gid-mail;:mail:/var/mail:/bin/false Often used by email programs news:x:&uid-news;:&gid-news;:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/false Often used for network news servers operator:x:&uid-operator;:&gid-root;:operator:/root:/bin/bash Often used to allow system operators to access the system postmaster:x:&uid-postmaster;:&gid-mail;:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false Generally used as an account that receives all the information of troubles with the mail server Create the ${CLFS}/etc/group file by running the following command: cat > ${CLFS}/etc/group << "EOF" root:x:0: bin:x:&gid-bin;: sys:x:&gid-sys;: kmem:x:&gid-kmem;: tty:x:&gid-tty;: tape:x:&gid-tape;: daemon:x:&gid-daemon;: floppy:x:&gid-floppy;: disk:x:&gid-disk;: lp:x:&gid-lp;: dialout:x:&gid-dialout;: audio:x:&gid-audio;: video:x:&gid-video;: utmp:x:&gid-utmp;: usb:x:&gid-usb;: cdrom:x:&gid-cdrom;: adm:x:&gid-adm;: messagebus:x:&gid-messagebus;: systemd-journal:x:&gid-systemd-journal;: mail:x:&gid-mail;: wheel:x:&gid-wheel;: nogroup:x:&gid-nogroup;: EOF console:x:&gid-console;: This group has direct access to the console cdrw:x:&gid-cdrw;: This group is allowed to use the CDRW drive news:x:&gid-news;:news Used by Network News Servers users:x:&gid-users;: The default GID used by shadow for new users nobody:x:&gid-nogroup;: This is used by NFS The created groups are not part of any standard—they are groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Systemd configuration in the final system, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at ) recommends only that, besides the group root with a Group ID (GID) of 0, a group bin with a GID of 1 be present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the group's name.