source: BOOK/boot/common/pwdgroup.xml @ a4615d8

sysvinit
Last change on this file since a4615d8 was a4615d8, checked in by Chris Staub <chris@…>, 8 years ago

Updated LSB link

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1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
3  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
4  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
5  %general-entities;
6]>
7
8<sect1 id="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
9  <?dbhtml filename="pwdgroup.html"?>
10
11  <title>Creating the passwd, group, and log Files</title>
12
13  <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
14    <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary>
15    <secondary>boot</secondary>
16  </indexterm>
17
18  <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
19    <primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary>
20    <secondary>boot</secondary>
21  </indexterm>
22
23  <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
24    <primary sortas="e-/var/log/btmp">/var/log/btmp</primary>
25    <secondary>boot</secondary>
26  </indexterm>
27
28  <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
29    <primary sortas="e-/var/log/lastlog">/var/log/lastlog</primary>
30    <secondary>boot</secondary>
31  </indexterm>
32
33  <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
34    <primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary>
35    <secondary>boot</secondary>
36  </indexterm>
37
38  <para os="a">In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to
39  be able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized,
40  there must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
41  and <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para>
42
43  <para>Create the <filename>${CLFS}/etc/passwd</filename> file by running
44  the following command:</para>
45
46<screen><userinput>cat &gt; ${CLFS}/etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
47<literal>root::&uid-root;:&gid-root;:root:/root:/bin/bash</literal>
48<literal>bin:x:&uid-bin;:&gid-bin;:/bin:/bin/false</literal>
49<literal>daemon:x:&uid-daemon;:&gid-daemon;:/sbin:/bin/false</literal>
50<literal>nobody:x:&uid-nobody;:&gid-nogroup;:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
51EOF</userinput></screen>
52
53  <para os="b">The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
54  (the <quote>::</quote> used here is just a placeholder and allows you to login
55  with no password) will be set later.</para>
56
57  <variablelist os="c">
58
59    <title>Additional users you may want to add if not already included:</title>
60
61    <varlistentry>
62      <term><literal>adm:x:&uid-adm;:&gid-adm;:adm:/var/adm:/bin/false</literal></term>
63      <listitem>
64        <para>Was used for programs that performed administrative tasks.</para>
65      </listitem>
66    </varlistentry>
67    <varlistentry>
68      <term><literal>lp:x:&uid-lp;:&gid-lp;:lp:/var/spool/lp:/bin/false</literal></term>
69      <listitem>
70        <para>Used by programs for printing</para>
71      </listitem>
72    </varlistentry>
73    <varlistentry>
74      <term><literal>mail:x:&uid-mail;:&gid-mail;:mail:/var/mail:/bin/false</literal></term>
75      <listitem>
76        <para>Often used by email programs</para>
77      </listitem>
78    </varlistentry>
79    <varlistentry>
80      <term><literal>messagebus:x:&uid-messagebus;:&gid-messagebus;:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal></term>
81      <listitem>
82        <para>User for D-Bus</para>
83      </listitem>
84    </varlistentry>
85    <varlistentry>
86      <term><literal>news:x:&uid-news;:&gid-news;:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/false</literal></term>
87      <listitem>
88        <para>Often used for network news servers</para>
89      </listitem>
90    </varlistentry>
91    <varlistentry>
92      <term><literal>operator:x:&uid-operator;:&gid-root;:operator:/root:/bin/bash</literal></term>
93      <listitem>
94        <para>Often used to allow system operators to access the system</para>
95      </listitem>
96    </varlistentry>
97    <varlistentry>
98      <term><literal>postmaster:x:&uid-postmaster;:&gid-mail;:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false</literal></term>
99      <listitem>
100        <para>Generally used as an account that receives all the information of troubles with the mail server</para>
101      </listitem>
102    </varlistentry>
103  </variablelist>
104
105  <para>Create the <filename>${CLFS}/etc/group</filename> file by running
106  the following command:</para>
107
108<screen><userinput>cat &gt; ${CLFS}/etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
109<literal>root:x:0:
110bin:x:&gid-bin;:
111sys:x:&gid-sys;:
112kmem:x:&gid-kmem;:
113tty:x:&gid-tty;:
114tape:x:&gid-tape;:
115daemon:x:&gid-daemon;:
116floppy:x:&gid-floppy;:
117disk:x:&gid-disk;:
118lp:x:&gid-lp;:
119dialout:x:&gid-dialout;:
120audio:x:&gid-audio;:
121video:x:&gid-video;:
122utmp:x:&gid-utmp;:
123usb:x:&gid-usb;:
124cdrom:x:&gid-cdrom;:
125adm:x:&gid-adm;:
126mail:x:&gid-mail;:
127wheel:x:&gid-wheel;:
128nogroup:x:&gid-nogroup;:</literal>
129EOF</userinput></screen>
130
131  <variablelist os="d">
132
133    <title>Additional groups you may want to add if not already included:</title>
134
135    <varlistentry>
136      <term><literal>console:x:&gid-console;:</literal></term>
137      <listitem>
138        <para>This group has direct access to the console</para>
139      </listitem>
140    </varlistentry>
141    <varlistentry>
142      <term><literal>cdrw:x:&gid-cdrw;:</literal></term>
143      <listitem>
144        <para>This group is allowed to use the CDRW drive</para>
145      </listitem>
146    </varlistentry>
147    <varlistentry>
148      <term><literal>messagebus:x:&gid-messagebus;:</literal></term>
149      <listitem>
150        <para>User for D-Bus</para>
151      </listitem>
152    </varlistentry>
153    <varlistentry>
154      <term><literal>news:x:&gid-news;:news</literal></term>
155      <listitem>
156        <para>Used by Network News Servers</para>
157      </listitem>
158    </varlistentry>
159    <varlistentry>
160      <term><literal>users:x:&gid-users;:</literal></term>
161      <listitem>
162        <para>The default GID used by shadow for new users</para>
163      </listitem>
164    </varlistentry>
165    <varlistentry>
166      <term><literal>nobody:x:&gid-nogroup;:</literal></term>
167      <listitem>
168        <para>This is used by NFS</para>
169      </listitem>
170    </varlistentry>
171  </variablelist>
172
173  <para os="e">The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are
174  groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Systemd configuration
175  in the final system, and in part by common convention employed by a
176  number of existing Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB,
177  available at
178  <ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/lsb"/>)
179  recommends only that, besides the group <quote>root</quote> with a Group ID
180  (GID) of 0, a group <quote>bin</quote> with a GID of 1 be present. All other
181  group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since
182  well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the
183  group's name.</para>
184
185  <para os="f">The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and
186  <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log
187  files to record information such as who was logged into the system and
188  when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they
189  do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them
190  proper permissions:</para>
191
192<screen os="g"><userinput>touch ${CLFS}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
193chgrp -v &gid-utmp; ${CLFS}/var/log/lastlog
194chmod -v 664 ${CLFS}/var/log/lastlog
195chmod -v 600 ${CLFS}/var/log/btmp</userinput></screen>
196
197  <para os="h">The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename>
198  file records all logins and logouts. The
199  <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when
200  each user last logged in. The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file
201  records the bad login attempts.</para>
202
203</sect1>
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