1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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5 | %general-entities;
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6 | ]>
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7 |
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8 | <sect1 id="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
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9 | <?dbhtml filename="pwdgroup.html"?>
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10 |
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11 | <title>Creating the passwd and group Files</title>
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12 |
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13 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
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14 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary>
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15 | </indexterm>
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16 |
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17 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
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18 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary>
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19 | </indexterm>
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20 |
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21 | <para os="a">In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to
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22 | be able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized,
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23 | there must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
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24 | and <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para>
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25 |
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26 | <para>Create the <filename>${CLFS}/etc/passwd</filename> file by running
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27 | the following command:</para>
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28 |
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29 | <screen><userinput>cat > ${CLFS}/etc/passwd << "EOF"
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30 | <literal>root::&uid-root;:&gid-root;:root:/root:/bin/bash</literal>
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31 | <literal>bin:x:&uid-bin;:&gid-bin;:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
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32 | <literal>daemon:x:&uid-daemon;:&gid-daemon;:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
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33 | <literal>messagebus:x:&uid-messagebus;:&gid-messagebus;:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
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34 | <literal>nobody:x:&uid-nobody;:&gid-nogroup;:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
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35 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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36 |
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37 | <para os="b">The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
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38 | (the <quote>::</quote> used here is just a placeholder and allows you to login
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39 | with no password) will be set later.</para>
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40 |
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41 | <variablelist os="c">
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42 |
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43 | <title>Additional users you may want to add if not already included:</title>
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44 |
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45 | <varlistentry>
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46 | <term><literal>bin:x:&uid-bin;:&gid-bin;:bin:/bin:/bin/false</literal></term>
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47 | <listitem>
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48 | <para>Can be useful for compatibility with legacy applications.</para>
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49 | </listitem>
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50 | </varlistentry>
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51 | <varlistentry>
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52 | <term><literal>daemon:x:&uid-daemon;:&gid-daemon;:daemon:/sbin:/bin/false</literal></term>
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53 | <listitem>
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54 | <para>It is often recommended to use an unprivileged User ID/Group ID
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55 | for daemons to run as, in order to limit their access to the system.</para>
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56 | </listitem>
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57 | </varlistentry>
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58 | <varlistentry>
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59 | <term><literal>adm:x:&uid-adm;:&gid-adm;:adm:/var/adm:/bin/false</literal></term>
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60 | <listitem>
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61 | <para>Was used for programs that performed administrative tasks.</para>
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62 | </listitem>
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63 | </varlistentry>
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64 | <varlistentry>
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65 | <term><literal>lp:x:&uid-lp;:&gid-lp;:lp:/var/spool/lp:/bin/false</literal></term>
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66 | <listitem>
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67 | <para>Used by programs for printing</para>
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68 | </listitem>
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69 | </varlistentry>
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70 | <varlistentry>
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71 | <term><literal>mail:x:&uid-mail;:&gid-mail;:mail:/var/mail:/bin/false</literal></term>
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72 | <listitem>
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73 | <para>Often used by email programs</para>
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74 | </listitem>
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75 | </varlistentry>
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76 | <varlistentry>
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77 | <term><literal>news:x:&uid-news;:&gid-news;:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/false</literal></term>
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78 | <listitem>
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79 | <para>Often used for network news servers</para>
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80 | </listitem>
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81 | </varlistentry>
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82 | <varlistentry>
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83 | <term><literal>operator:x:&uid-operator;:&gid-root;:operator:/root:/bin/bash</literal></term>
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84 | <listitem>
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85 | <para>Often used to allow system operators to access the system</para>
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86 | </listitem>
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87 | </varlistentry>
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88 | <varlistentry>
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89 | <term><literal>postmaster:x:&uid-postmaster;:&gid-mail;:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false</literal></term>
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90 | <listitem>
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91 | <para>Generally used as an account that receives all the information of troubles with the mail server</para>
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92 | </listitem>
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93 | </varlistentry>
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94 | <varlistentry>
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95 | <term><literal>nobody:x:&uid-nobody;:&gid-nogroup;:nobody:/:/bin/false</literal></term>
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96 | <listitem>
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97 | <para>Used by NFS</para>
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98 | </listitem>
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99 | </varlistentry>
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100 | </variablelist>
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101 |
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102 | <para>Create the <filename>${CLFS}/etc/group</filename> file by running
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103 | the following command:</para>
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104 |
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105 | <screen><userinput>cat > ${CLFS}/etc/group << "EOF"
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106 | <literal>root:x:0:
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107 | bin:x:&gid-bin;:
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108 | sys:x:&gid-sys;:
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109 | kmem:x:&gid-kmem;:
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110 | tty:x:&gid-tty;:
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111 | tape:x:&gid-tape;:
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112 | daemon:x:&gid-daemon;:
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113 | floppy:x:&gid-floppy;:
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114 | disk:x:&gid-disk;:
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115 | lp:x:&gid-lp;:
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116 | dialout:x:&gid-dialout;:
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117 | audio:x:&gid-audio;:
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118 | video:x:&gid-video;:
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119 | utmp:x:&gid-utmp;:
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120 | usb:x:&gid-usb;:
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121 | cdrom:x:&gid-cdrom;:
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122 | adm:x:&gid-adm;:
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123 | messagebus:x:&gid-messagebus;:
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124 | systemd-journal:x:&gid-systemd-journal;:
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125 | mail:x:&gid-mail;:
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126 | wheel:x:&gid-wheel;:
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127 | nogroup:x:&gid-nogroup;:</literal>
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128 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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129 |
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130 | <variablelist os="d">
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131 |
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132 | <title>Additional groups you may want to add if not already included:</title>
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133 |
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134 | <varlistentry>
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135 | <term><literal>adm:x:&gid-adm;:root,adm,daemon</literal></term>
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136 | <listitem>
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137 | <para>All users in this group are allowed to do administrative tasks</para>
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138 | </listitem>
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139 | </varlistentry>
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140 | <varlistentry>
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141 | <term><literal>console:x:&gid-console;:</literal></term>
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142 | <listitem>
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143 | <para>This group has direct access to the console</para>
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144 | </listitem>
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145 | </varlistentry>
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146 | <varlistentry>
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147 | <term><literal>cdrw:x:&gid-cdrw;:</literal></term>
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148 | <listitem>
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149 | <para>This group is allowed to use the CDRW drive</para>
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150 | </listitem>
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151 | </varlistentry>
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152 | <varlistentry>
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153 | <term><literal>mail:x:&gid-mail;:mail</literal></term>
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154 | <listitem>
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155 | <para>Used by MTAs (Mail Transport Agents)</para>
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156 | </listitem>
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157 | </varlistentry>
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158 | <varlistentry>
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159 | <term><literal>news:x:&gid-news;:news</literal></term>
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160 | <listitem>
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161 | <para>Used by Network News Servers</para>
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162 | </listitem>
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163 | </varlistentry>
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164 | <varlistentry>
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165 | <term><literal>users:x:&gid-users;:</literal></term>
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166 | <listitem>
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167 | <para>The default GID used by shadow for new users</para>
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168 | </listitem>
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169 | </varlistentry>
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170 | <varlistentry>
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171 | <term><literal>nogroup:x:&gid-nogroup;:</literal></term>
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172 | <listitem>
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173 | <para>This is a default group used by some programs that do not
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174 | require a group</para>
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175 | </listitem>
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176 | </varlistentry>
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177 | <varlistentry>
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178 | <term><literal>nobody:x:&gid-nogroup;:</literal></term>
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179 | <listitem>
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180 | <para>This is used by NFS</para>
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181 | </listitem>
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182 | </varlistentry>
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183 | </variablelist>
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184 |
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185 | <para os="e">The created groups are not part of any standard—they are
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186 | groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Systemd configuration
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187 | in the final system, and in part by common convention employed by a
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188 | number of existing Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB,
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189 | available at <ulink url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only
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190 | that, besides the group <quote>root</quote> with a Group ID (GID) of 0,
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191 | a group <quote>bin</quote> with a GID of 1 be present. All other group
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192 | names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since
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193 | well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the
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194 | group's name.</para>
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195 |
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196 | </sect1>
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