source: BOOK/boot/common/pwdgroup.xml@ 20fa634

sysvinit
Last change on this file since 20fa634 was 1e08a9b, checked in by Chris Staub <chris@…>, 10 years ago

No need to create /var/run/utmp

  • Property mode set to 100644
File size: 7.2 KB
Line 
1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
4 <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
5 %general-entities;
6]>
7
8<sect1 id="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
9 <?dbhtml filename="pwdgroup.html"?>
10
11 <title>Creating the passwd, group, and log Files</title>
12
13 <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
14 <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary>
15 <secondary>boot</secondary>
16 </indexterm>
17
18 <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
19 <primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary>
20 <secondary>boot</secondary>
21 </indexterm>
22
23 <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
24 <primary sortas="e-/var/log/btmp">/var/log/btmp</primary>
25 <secondary>boot</secondary>
26 </indexterm>
27
28 <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
29 <primary sortas="e-/var/log/lastlog">/var/log/lastlog</primary>
30 <secondary>boot</secondary>
31 </indexterm>
32
33 <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup">
34 <primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary>
35 <secondary>boot</secondary>
36 </indexterm>
37
38 <para os="a">In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to
39 be able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized,
40 there must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
41 and <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para>
42
43 <para>Create the <filename>${CLFS}/etc/passwd</filename> file by running
44 the following command:</para>
45
46<screen><userinput>cat &gt; ${CLFS}/etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
47<literal>root::&uid-root;:&gid-root;:root:/root:/bin/bash</literal>
48<literal>bin:x:&uid-bin;:&gid-bin;:/bin:/bin/false</literal>
49<literal>daemon:x:&uid-daemon;:&gid-daemon;:/sbin:/bin/false</literal>
50<literal>nobody:x:&uid-nobody;:&gid-nogroup;:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
51EOF</userinput></screen>
52
53 <para os="b">The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
54 (the <quote>::</quote> used here is just a placeholder and allows you to login
55 with no password) will be set later.</para>
56
57 <variablelist os="c">
58
59 <title>Additional users you may want to add if not already included:</title>
60
61 <varlistentry>
62 <term><literal>adm:x:&uid-adm;:&gid-adm;:adm:/var/adm:/bin/false</literal></term>
63 <listitem>
64 <para>Was used for programs that performed administrative tasks.</para>
65 </listitem>
66 </varlistentry>
67 <varlistentry>
68 <term><literal>lp:x:&uid-lp;:&gid-lp;:lp:/var/spool/lp:/bin/false</literal></term>
69 <listitem>
70 <para>Used by programs for printing</para>
71 </listitem>
72 </varlistentry>
73 <varlistentry>
74 <term><literal>mail:x:&uid-mail;:&gid-mail;:mail:/var/mail:/bin/false</literal></term>
75 <listitem>
76 <para>Often used by email programs</para>
77 </listitem>
78 </varlistentry>
79 <varlistentry>
80 <term><literal>messagebus:x:&uid-messagebus;:&gid-messagebus;:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal></term>
81 <listitem>
82 <para>User for D-Bus</para>
83 </listitem>
84 </varlistentry>
85 <varlistentry>
86 <term><literal>news:x:&uid-news;:&gid-news;:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/false</literal></term>
87 <listitem>
88 <para>Often used for network news servers</para>
89 </listitem>
90 </varlistentry>
91 <varlistentry>
92 <term><literal>operator:x:&uid-operator;:&gid-root;:operator:/root:/bin/bash</literal></term>
93 <listitem>
94 <para>Often used to allow system operators to access the system</para>
95 </listitem>
96 </varlistentry>
97 <varlistentry>
98 <term><literal>postmaster:x:&uid-postmaster;:&gid-mail;:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false</literal></term>
99 <listitem>
100 <para>Generally used as an account that receives all the information of troubles with the mail server</para>
101 </listitem>
102 </varlistentry>
103 </variablelist>
104
105 <para>Create the <filename>${CLFS}/etc/group</filename> file by running
106 the following command:</para>
107
108<screen><userinput>cat &gt; ${CLFS}/etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
109<literal>root:x:0:
110bin:x:&gid-bin;:
111sys:x:&gid-sys;:
112kmem:x:&gid-kmem;:
113tty:x:&gid-tty;:
114tape:x:&gid-tape;:
115daemon:x:&gid-daemon;:
116floppy:x:&gid-floppy;:
117disk:x:&gid-disk;:
118lp:x:&gid-lp;:
119dialout:x:&gid-dialout;:
120audio:x:&gid-audio;:
121video:x:&gid-video;:
122utmp:x:&gid-utmp;:
123usb:x:&gid-usb;:
124cdrom:x:&gid-cdrom;:
125adm:x:&gid-adm;:
126mail:x:&gid-mail;:
127wheel:x:&gid-wheel;:
128nogroup:x:&gid-nogroup;:</literal>
129EOF</userinput></screen>
130
131 <variablelist os="d">
132
133 <title>Additional groups you may want to add if not already included:</title>
134
135 <varlistentry>
136 <term><literal>console:x:&gid-console;:</literal></term>
137 <listitem>
138 <para>This group has direct access to the console</para>
139 </listitem>
140 </varlistentry>
141 <varlistentry>
142 <term><literal>cdrw:x:&gid-cdrw;:</literal></term>
143 <listitem>
144 <para>This group is allowed to use the CDRW drive</para>
145 </listitem>
146 </varlistentry>
147 <varlistentry>
148 <term><literal>messagebus:x:&gid-messagebus;:</literal></term>
149 <listitem>
150 <para>User for D-Bus</para>
151 </listitem>
152 </varlistentry>
153 <varlistentry>
154 <term><literal>news:x:&gid-news;:news</literal></term>
155 <listitem>
156 <para>Used by Network News Servers</para>
157 </listitem>
158 </varlistentry>
159 <varlistentry>
160 <term><literal>users:x:&gid-users;:</literal></term>
161 <listitem>
162 <para>The default GID used by shadow for new users</para>
163 </listitem>
164 </varlistentry>
165 <varlistentry>
166 <term><literal>nobody:x:&gid-nogroup;:</literal></term>
167 <listitem>
168 <para>This is used by NFS</para>
169 </listitem>
170 </varlistentry>
171 </variablelist>
172
173 <para os="e">The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are
174 groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Systemd configuration
175 in the final system, and in part by common convention employed by a
176 number of existing Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB,
177 available at <ulink url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only
178 that, besides the group <quote>root</quote> with a Group ID (GID) of 0,
179 a group <quote>bin</quote> with a GID of 1 be present. All other group
180 names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since
181 well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the
182 group's name.</para>
183
184 <para os="f">The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and
185 <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log
186 files to record information such as who was logged into the system and
187 when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they
188 do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them
189 proper permissions:</para>
190
191<screen os="g"><userinput>touch ${CLFS}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
192chgrp -v &gid-utmp; ${CLFS}/var/log/lastlog
193chmod -v 664 ${CLFS}/var/log/lastlog
194chmod -v 600 ${CLFS}/var/log/btmp</userinput></screen>
195
196 <para os="h">The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename>
197 file records all logins and logouts. The
198 <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when
199 each user last logged in. The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file
200 records the bad login attempts.</para>
201
202</sect1>
Note: See TracBrowser for help on using the repository browser.