[3f8be484] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> |
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| 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" |
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ |
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| 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent"> |
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| 5 | %general-entities; |
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| 6 | ]> |
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| 7 | |
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| 8 | <sect1 id="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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| 9 | <?dbhtml filename="pwdgroup.html"?> |
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| 10 | |
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| 11 | <title>Creating the passwd, group, and log Files</title> |
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| 12 | |
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| 13 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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| 14 | <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/etc/passwd">${LFS}/etc/passwd</primary> |
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| 15 | </indexterm> |
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| 16 | |
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| 17 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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| 18 | <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/etc/group">${LFS}/etc/group</primary> |
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| 19 | </indexterm> |
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| 20 | |
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| 21 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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| 22 | <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/var/run/utmp">${LFS}/var/run/utmp</primary> |
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| 23 | </indexterm> |
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| 24 | |
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| 25 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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| 26 | <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/var/log/btmp">${LFS}/var/log/btmp</primary> |
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| 27 | </indexterm> |
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| 28 | |
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| 29 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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| 30 | <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/var/log/lastlog">${LFS}/var/log/lastlog</primary> |
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| 31 | </indexterm> |
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| 32 | |
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| 33 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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| 34 | <primary sortas="e-${LFS}/var/log/wtmp">${LFS}/var/log/wtmp</primary> |
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| 35 | </indexterm> |
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| 36 | |
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| 37 | <para>In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to |
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| 38 | be able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, |
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| 39 | there must be relevant entries in the <filename>${LFS}/etc/passwd</filename> |
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| 40 | and <filename>${LFS}/etc/group</filename> files.</para> |
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| 41 | |
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| 42 | <para>Create the <filename>${LFS}/etc/passwd</filename> file by running |
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| 43 | the following command:</para> |
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| 44 | |
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| 45 | <screen><userinput>cat > ${LFS}/etc/passwd << "EOF" |
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| 46 | <literal>root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash |
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| 47 | bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/bin/false |
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| 48 | daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/bin/false |
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| 49 | adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/bin/false |
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| 50 | lp:x:10:18:lp:/var/spool/lp:/bin/false |
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| 51 | mail:x:30:30:mail:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false |
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| 52 | news:x:31:31:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/false |
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| 53 | uucp:x:32:32:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/false |
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| 54 | operator:x:50:0:operator:/root:/bin/bash |
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| 55 | postmaster:x:51:30:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false |
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| 56 | nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/:/bin/false</literal> |
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| 57 | EOF</userinput></screen> |
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| 58 | |
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| 59 | <para os="a">The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> |
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| 60 | (the <quote>x</quote> used here is just a placeholder) will be set |
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| 61 | later.</para> |
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| 62 | |
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| 63 | <para>Create the <filename>${LFS}/etc/group</filename> file by running |
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| 64 | the following command:</para> |
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| 65 | |
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| 66 | <screen><userinput>cat > ${LFS}/etc/group << "EOF" |
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| 67 | <literal>root::0:root |
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| 68 | bin::1:root,bin,daemon |
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| 69 | daemon::2:root,bin,daemon |
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| 70 | sys::3:root,bin,adm |
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| 71 | adm::4:root,adm,daemon |
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| 72 | kmem::5: |
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[4ba982a3] | 73 | utmp::6: |
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[3f8be484] | 74 | tty::10: |
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| 75 | video::11:root |
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| 76 | console::12: |
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| 77 | disk::13:root,adm |
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| 78 | floppy::14:root |
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| 79 | cdrom::15: |
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| 80 | cdrw::16: |
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| 81 | tape::17:root |
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| 82 | lp::18:lp |
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| 83 | usb::19: |
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| 84 | audio::20: |
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| 85 | dialout::21:root |
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| 86 | mail::30:mail |
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| 87 | news::31:news |
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| 88 | uucp::32:uucp |
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| 89 | users::100: |
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| 90 | nogroup::65533: |
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| 91 | nobody::65534:</literal> |
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| 92 | EOF</userinput></screen> |
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| 93 | |
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| 94 | <para os="b">The created groups are not part of any standard—they are |
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| 95 | groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration |
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| 96 | in the final system, and in part by common convention employed by a |
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| 97 | number of existing Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, |
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| 98 | available at <ulink url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only |
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| 99 | that, besides the group <quote>root</quote> with a Group ID (GID) of 0, |
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| 100 | a group <quote>bin</quote> with a GID of 1 be present. All other group |
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| 101 | names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since |
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| 102 | well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the |
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| 103 | group's name.</para> |
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| 104 | |
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| 105 | <para os="c">The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and |
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| 106 | <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log |
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| 107 | files to record information such as who was logged into the system and |
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| 108 | when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they |
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| 109 | do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them |
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| 110 | proper permissions:</para> |
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| 111 | |
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| 112 | <screen><userinput>touch ${LFS}/var/run/utmp ${LFS}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp} |
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[eb55250] | 113 | chmod -v 664 ${LFS}/var/run/utmp ${LFS}/var/log/lastlog |
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| 114 | chmod -v 600 ${LFS}/var/log/btmp</userinput></screen> |
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[3f8be484] | 115 | |
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| 116 | <para>The <filename>${LFS}/var/run/utmp</filename> file records the users |
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| 117 | that are currently logged in. The <filename>${LFS}/var/log/wtmp</filename> |
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| 118 | file records all logins and logouts. The |
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| 119 | <filename>${LFS}/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when |
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| 120 | each user last logged in. The <filename>${LFS}/var/log/btmp</filename> file |
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| 121 | records the bad login attempts.</para> |
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| 122 | |
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| 123 | </sect1> |
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