[3f8be484] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> |
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[aa18ac0] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" |
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [ |
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[3f8be484] | 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent"> |
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| 5 | %general-entities; |
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| 6 | ]> |
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| 7 | |
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| 8 | <sect1 id="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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| 9 | <?dbhtml filename="pwdgroup.html"?> |
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| 10 | |
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[8a62e94] | 11 | <title>Creating the passwd and group Files</title> |
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[3f8be484] | 12 | |
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| 13 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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[91ad4a4] | 14 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary> |
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[3f8be484] | 15 | </indexterm> |
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| 16 | |
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| 17 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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[91ad4a4] | 18 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary> |
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[3f8be484] | 19 | </indexterm> |
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| 20 | |
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[934e597] | 21 | <para os="a">In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to |
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[3f8be484] | 22 | be able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, |
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[91ad4a4] | 23 | there must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> |
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| 24 | and <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para> |
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[3f8be484] | 25 | |
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[3f76cac] | 26 | <para>Create the <filename>${CLFS}/etc/passwd</filename> file by running |
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[3f8be484] | 27 | the following command:</para> |
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| 28 | |
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[3f76cac] | 29 | <screen><userinput>cat > ${CLFS}/etc/passwd << "EOF" |
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[8f1ae86] | 30 | <literal>root:x:&uid-root;:&gid-root;:root:/root:/bin/bash</literal> |
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[27f57ec] | 31 | <literal>messagebus:x:&uid-messagebus;:&gid-messagebus;:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal> |
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[65018363] | 32 | EOF</userinput></screen> |
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| 33 | |
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[934e597] | 34 | <para os="b">The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> |
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[d1ff581] | 35 | (the <quote>::</quote> used here is just a placeholder and allows you to login |
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[b2011e5] | 36 | with no password) will be set later.</para> |
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[3f8be484] | 37 | |
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[934e597] | 38 | <variablelist os="c"> |
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[04fe8e5] | 39 | |
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| 40 | <title>Additional users you may want to add:</title> |
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| 41 | |
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| 42 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 43 | <term><literal>bin:x:&uid-bin;:&gid-bin;:bin:/bin:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 44 | <listitem> |
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[9b020e6] | 45 | <para>Can be useful for compatibility with legacy applications.</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 46 | </listitem> |
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| 47 | </varlistentry> |
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| 48 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 49 | <term><literal>daemon:x:&uid-daemon;:&gid-daemon;:daemon:/sbin:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 50 | <listitem> |
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[9b020e6] | 51 | <para>It is often recommended to use an unprivileged User ID/Group ID |
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| 52 | for daemons to run as, in order to limit their access to the system.</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 53 | </listitem> |
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| 54 | </varlistentry> |
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| 55 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 56 | <term><literal>adm:x:&uid-adm;:&gid-adm;:adm:/var/adm:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 57 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 58 | <para>Was used for programs that performed administrative tasks.</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 59 | </listitem> |
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| 60 | </varlistentry> |
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| 61 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 62 | <term><literal>lp:x:&uid-lp;:&gid-lp;:lp:/var/spool/lp:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 63 | <listitem> |
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[b2011e5] | 64 | <para>Used by programs for printing</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 65 | </listitem> |
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| 66 | </varlistentry> |
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| 67 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 68 | <term><literal>mail:x:&uid-mail;:&gid-mail;:mail:/var/mail:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 69 | <listitem> |
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[b2011e5] | 70 | <para>Often used by email programs</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 71 | </listitem> |
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| 72 | </varlistentry> |
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| 73 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 74 | <term><literal>news:x:&uid-news;:&gid-news;:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 75 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 76 | <para>Often used for network news servers</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 77 | </listitem> |
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| 78 | </varlistentry> |
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| 79 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 80 | <term><literal>operator:x:&uid-operator;:&gid-root;:operator:/root:/bin/bash</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 81 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 82 | <para>Often used to allow system operators to access the system</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 83 | </listitem> |
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| 84 | </varlistentry> |
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| 85 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 86 | <term><literal>postmaster:x:&uid-postmaster;:&gid-mail;:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 87 | <listitem> |
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[9b020e6] | 88 | <para>Generally used as an account that receives all the information of troubles with the mail server</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 89 | </listitem> |
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| 90 | </varlistentry> |
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| 91 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 92 | <term><literal>nobody:x:&uid-nobody;:&gid-nobody;:nobody:/:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 93 | <listitem> |
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[9b020e6] | 94 | <para>Used by NFS</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 95 | </listitem> |
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| 96 | </varlistentry> |
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| 97 | </variablelist> |
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| 98 | |
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[ca77da8] | 99 | <para>Create the <filename>${CLFS}/etc/group</filename> file by running |
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[3f8be484] | 100 | the following command:</para> |
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| 101 | |
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[3f76cac] | 102 | <screen><userinput>cat > ${CLFS}/etc/group << "EOF" |
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[65018363] | 103 | <literal>root:x:0: |
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[8f1ae86] | 104 | bin:x:&gid-bin;: |
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| 105 | sys:x:&gid-sys;: |
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| 106 | kmem:x:&gid-kmem;: |
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| 107 | tty:x:&gid-tty;: |
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| 108 | tape:x:&gid-tape;: |
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| 109 | daemon:x:&gid-daemon;: |
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| 110 | floppy:x:&gid-floppy;: |
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| 111 | disk:x:&gid-disk;: |
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| 112 | lp:x:&gid-lp;: |
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| 113 | dialout:x:&gid-dialout;: |
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| 114 | audio:x:&gid-audio;: |
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| 115 | video:x:&gid-video;: |
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| 116 | utmp:x:&gid-utmp;: |
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| 117 | usb:x:&gid-usb;: |
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[27f57ec] | 118 | cdrom:x:&gid-cdrom;: |
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| 119 | messagebus:x:&gid-messagebus;:</literal> |
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[65018363] | 120 | EOF</userinput></screen> |
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| 121 | |
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[934e597] | 122 | <variablelist os="d"> |
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[8300133] | 123 | |
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| 124 | <title>Additional groups you may want to add</title> |
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| 125 | |
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| 126 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 127 | <term><literal>adm:x:&gid-adm;:root,adm,daemon</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 128 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 129 | <para>All users in this group are allowed to do administrative tasks</para> |
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[8300133] | 130 | </listitem> |
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| 131 | </varlistentry> |
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| 132 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 133 | <term><literal>console:x:&gid-console;:</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 134 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 135 | <para>This group has direct access to the console</para> |
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[8300133] | 136 | </listitem> |
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| 137 | </varlistentry> |
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| 138 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 139 | <term><literal>cdrw:x:&gid-cdrw;:</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 140 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 141 | <para>This group is allowed to use the CDRW drive</para> |
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[8300133] | 142 | </listitem> |
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| 143 | </varlistentry> |
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| 144 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 145 | <term><literal>mail:x:&gid-mail;:mail</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 146 | <listitem> |
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| 147 | <para>Used by MTAs (Mail Transport Agents)</para> |
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| 148 | </listitem> |
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| 149 | </varlistentry> |
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| 150 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 151 | <term><literal>news:x:&gid-news;:news</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 152 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 153 | <para>Used by Network News Servers</para> |
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[8300133] | 154 | </listitem> |
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| 155 | </varlistentry> |
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| 156 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 157 | <term><literal>users:x:&gid-users;:</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 158 | <listitem> |
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[b2011e5] | 159 | <para>The default GID used by shadow for new users</para> |
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[8300133] | 160 | </listitem> |
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| 161 | </varlistentry> |
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| 162 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 163 | <term><literal>nogroup:x:&gid-nogroup;:</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 164 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 165 | <para>This is a default group used by some programs that do not |
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| 166 | require a group</para> |
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[8300133] | 167 | </listitem> |
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| 168 | </varlistentry> |
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| 169 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 170 | <term><literal>nobody:x:&gid-nobody;:</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 171 | <listitem> |
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[9b020e6] | 172 | <para>This is used by NFS</para> |
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[8300133] | 173 | </listitem> |
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| 174 | </varlistentry> |
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[a90a072] | 175 | </variablelist> |
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[3f8be484] | 176 | |
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[934e597] | 177 | <para os="e">The created groups are not part of any standard—they are |
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[688b33d] | 178 | groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Eudev configuration |
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[3f8be484] | 179 | in the final system, and in part by common convention employed by a |
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| 180 | number of existing Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, |
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| 181 | available at <ulink url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only |
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| 182 | that, besides the group <quote>root</quote> with a Group ID (GID) of 0, |
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| 183 | a group <quote>bin</quote> with a GID of 1 be present. All other group |
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| 184 | names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since |
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| 185 | well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the |
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| 186 | group's name.</para> |
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| 187 | |
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| 188 | </sect1> |
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