[3f8be484] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> |
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[aa18ac0] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" |
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [ |
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[3f8be484] | 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent"> |
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| 5 | %general-entities; |
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| 6 | ]> |
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| 7 | |
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| 8 | <sect1 id="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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| 9 | <?dbhtml filename="pwdgroup.html"?> |
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| 10 | |
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| 11 | <title>Creating the passwd, group, and log Files</title> |
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| 12 | |
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| 13 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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[91ad4a4] | 14 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary> |
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[3f8be484] | 15 | </indexterm> |
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| 16 | |
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| 17 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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[91ad4a4] | 18 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary> |
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[3f8be484] | 19 | </indexterm> |
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| 20 | |
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| 21 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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[91ad4a4] | 22 | <primary sortas="e-/var/run/utmp">/var/run/utmp</primary> |
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[3f8be484] | 23 | </indexterm> |
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| 24 | |
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| 25 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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[91ad4a4] | 26 | <primary sortas="e-/var/log/btmp">/var/log/btmp</primary> |
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[3f8be484] | 27 | </indexterm> |
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| 28 | |
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| 29 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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[91ad4a4] | 30 | <primary sortas="e-/var/log/lastlog">/var/log/lastlog</primary> |
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[3f8be484] | 31 | </indexterm> |
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| 32 | |
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| 33 | <indexterm zone="ch-boot-pwdgroup"> |
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[91ad4a4] | 34 | <primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary> |
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[3f8be484] | 35 | </indexterm> |
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| 36 | |
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[934e597] | 37 | <para os="a">In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to |
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[3f8be484] | 38 | be able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, |
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[91ad4a4] | 39 | there must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> |
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| 40 | and <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para> |
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[3f8be484] | 41 | |
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[3f76cac] | 42 | <para>Create the <filename>${CLFS}/etc/passwd</filename> file by running |
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[3f8be484] | 43 | the following command:</para> |
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| 44 | |
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[3f76cac] | 45 | <screen><userinput>cat > ${CLFS}/etc/passwd << "EOF" |
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[8f1ae86] | 46 | <literal>root:x:&uid-root;:&gid-root;:root:/root:/bin/bash</literal> |
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[65018363] | 47 | EOF</userinput></screen> |
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| 48 | |
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[934e597] | 49 | <para os="b">The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> |
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[d1ff581] | 50 | (the <quote>::</quote> used here is just a placeholder and allows you to login |
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[b2011e5] | 51 | with no password) will be set later.</para> |
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[3f8be484] | 52 | |
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[934e597] | 53 | <variablelist os="c"> |
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[04fe8e5] | 54 | |
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| 55 | <title>Additional users you may want to add:</title> |
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| 56 | |
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| 57 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 58 | <term><literal>bin:x:&uid-bin;:&gid-bin;:bin:/bin:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 59 | <listitem> |
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[9b020e6] | 60 | <para>Can be useful for compatibility with legacy applications.</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 61 | </listitem> |
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| 62 | </varlistentry> |
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| 63 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 64 | <term><literal>daemon:x:&uid-daemon;:&gid-daemon;:daemon:/sbin:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 65 | <listitem> |
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[9b020e6] | 66 | <para>It is often recommended to use an unprivileged User ID/Group ID |
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| 67 | for daemons to run as, in order to limit their access to the system.</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 68 | </listitem> |
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| 69 | </varlistentry> |
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| 70 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 71 | <term><literal>adm:x:&uid-adm;:&gid-adm;:adm:/var/adm:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 72 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 73 | <para>Was used for programs that performed administrative tasks.</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 74 | </listitem> |
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| 75 | </varlistentry> |
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| 76 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 77 | <term><literal>lp:x:&uid-lp;:&gid-lp;:lp:/var/spool/lp:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 78 | <listitem> |
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[b2011e5] | 79 | <para>Used by programs for printing</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 80 | </listitem> |
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| 81 | </varlistentry> |
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| 82 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 83 | <term><literal>mail:x:&uid-mail;:&gid-mail;:mail:/var/mail:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 84 | <listitem> |
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[b2011e5] | 85 | <para>Often used by email programs</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 86 | </listitem> |
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| 87 | </varlistentry> |
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| 88 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 89 | <term><literal>news:x:&uid-news;:&gid-news;:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 90 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 91 | <para>Often used for network news servers</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 92 | </listitem> |
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| 93 | </varlistentry> |
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| 94 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 95 | <term><literal>operator:x:&uid-operator;:&gid-root;:operator:/root:/bin/bash</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 96 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 97 | <para>Often used to allow system operators to access the system</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 98 | </listitem> |
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| 99 | </varlistentry> |
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| 100 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 101 | <term><literal>postmaster:x:&uid-postmaster;:&gid-mail;:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 102 | <listitem> |
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[9b020e6] | 103 | <para>Generally used as an account that receives all the information of troubles with the mail server</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 104 | </listitem> |
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| 105 | </varlistentry> |
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| 106 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 107 | <term><literal>nobody:x:&uid-nobody;:&gid-nobody;:nobody:/:/bin/false</literal></term> |
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[04fe8e5] | 108 | <listitem> |
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[9b020e6] | 109 | <para>Used by NFS</para> |
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[04fe8e5] | 110 | </listitem> |
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| 111 | </varlistentry> |
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| 112 | </variablelist> |
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| 113 | |
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[ca77da8] | 114 | <para>Create the <filename>${CLFS}/etc/group</filename> file by running |
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[3f8be484] | 115 | the following command:</para> |
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| 116 | |
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[3f76cac] | 117 | <screen><userinput>cat > ${CLFS}/etc/group << "EOF" |
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[65018363] | 118 | <literal>root:x:0: |
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[8f1ae86] | 119 | bin:x:&gid-bin;: |
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| 120 | sys:x:&gid-sys;: |
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| 121 | kmem:x:&gid-kmem;: |
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| 122 | tty:x:&gid-tty;: |
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| 123 | tape:x:&gid-tape;: |
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| 124 | daemon:x:&gid-daemon;: |
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| 125 | floppy:x:&gid-floppy;: |
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| 126 | disk:x:&gid-disk;: |
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| 127 | lp:x:&gid-lp;: |
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| 128 | dialout:x:&gid-dialout;: |
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| 129 | audio:x:&gid-audio;: |
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| 130 | video:x:&gid-video;: |
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| 131 | utmp:x:&gid-utmp;: |
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| 132 | usb:x:&gid-usb;: |
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| 133 | cdrom:x:&gid-cdrom;:</literal> |
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[65018363] | 134 | EOF</userinput></screen> |
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| 135 | |
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[934e597] | 136 | <variablelist os="d"> |
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[8300133] | 137 | |
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| 138 | <title>Additional groups you may want to add</title> |
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| 139 | |
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| 140 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 141 | <term><literal>adm:x:&gid-adm;:root,adm,daemon</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 142 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 143 | <para>All users in this group are allowed to do administrative tasks</para> |
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[8300133] | 144 | </listitem> |
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| 145 | </varlistentry> |
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| 146 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 147 | <term><literal>console:x:&gid-console;:</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 148 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 149 | <para>This group has direct access to the console</para> |
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[8300133] | 150 | </listitem> |
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| 151 | </varlistentry> |
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| 152 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 153 | <term><literal>cdrw:x:&gid-cdrw;:</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 154 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 155 | <para>This group is allowed to use the CDRW drive</para> |
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[8300133] | 156 | </listitem> |
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| 157 | </varlistentry> |
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| 158 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 159 | <term><literal>mail:x:&gid-mail;:mail</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 160 | <listitem> |
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| 161 | <para>Used by MTAs (Mail Transport Agents)</para> |
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| 162 | </listitem> |
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| 163 | </varlistentry> |
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| 164 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 165 | <term><literal>news:x:&gid-news;:news</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 166 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 167 | <para>Used by Network News Servers</para> |
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[8300133] | 168 | </listitem> |
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| 169 | </varlistentry> |
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| 170 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 171 | <term><literal>users:x:&gid-users;:</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 172 | <listitem> |
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[b2011e5] | 173 | <para>The default GID used by shadow for new users</para> |
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[8300133] | 174 | </listitem> |
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| 175 | </varlistentry> |
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| 176 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 177 | <term><literal>nogroup:x:&gid-nogroup;:</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 178 | <listitem> |
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[292da92] | 179 | <para>This is a default group used by some programs that do not |
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| 180 | require a group</para> |
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[8300133] | 181 | </listitem> |
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| 182 | </varlistentry> |
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| 183 | <varlistentry> |
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[8f1ae86] | 184 | <term><literal>nobody:x:&gid-nobody;:</literal></term> |
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[8300133] | 185 | <listitem> |
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[9b020e6] | 186 | <para>This is used by NFS</para> |
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[8300133] | 187 | </listitem> |
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| 188 | </varlistentry> |
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[a90a072] | 189 | </variablelist> |
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[3f8be484] | 190 | |
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[934e597] | 191 | <para os="e">The created groups are not part of any standard—they are |
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[3f8be484] | 192 | groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration |
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| 193 | in the final system, and in part by common convention employed by a |
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| 194 | number of existing Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, |
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| 195 | available at <ulink url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only |
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| 196 | that, besides the group <quote>root</quote> with a Group ID (GID) of 0, |
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| 197 | a group <quote>bin</quote> with a GID of 1 be present. All other group |
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| 198 | names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since |
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| 199 | well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the |
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| 200 | group's name.</para> |
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| 201 | |
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[934e597] | 202 | <para os="f">The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and |
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[3f8be484] | 203 | <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log |
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| 204 | files to record information such as who was logged into the system and |
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| 205 | when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they |
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| 206 | do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them |
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| 207 | proper permissions:</para> |
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| 208 | |
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[3f76cac] | 209 | <screen><userinput>touch ${CLFS}/var/run/utmp ${CLFS}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp} |
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| 210 | chmod -v 664 ${CLFS}/var/run/utmp ${CLFS}/var/log/lastlog |
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| 211 | chmod -v 600 ${CLFS}/var/log/btmp</userinput></screen> |
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[3f8be484] | 212 | |
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[91ad4a4] | 213 | <para>The <filename>/var/run/utmp</filename> file records the users |
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| 214 | that are currently logged in. The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> |
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[3f8be484] | 215 | file records all logins and logouts. The |
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[91ad4a4] | 216 | <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when |
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| 217 | each user last logged in. The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file |
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[3f8be484] | 218 | records the bad login attempts.</para> |
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| 219 | |
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| 220 | </sect1> |
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