source: BOOK/final-system/common/shadow.xml @ b27081c4

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
  %general-entities;
]>

<sect1 id="ch-system-shadow" role="wrap">
  <?dbhtml filename="shadow.html"?>

  <title>Shadow-&shadow-version;</title>

  <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow">
    <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <sect2 role="package">
    <title/>

    <para>The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a
    secure way.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 role="installation">
    <title>Installation of Shadow</title>

    <note os="a">
      <para>If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords,
      refer to <ulink url="&cblfs-root;index.php/Cracklib"/>
      for installing Cracklib prior to building Shadow. After Cracklib is
      installed, execute this <command>sed</command> in Shadow's source
      directory to correct the path to the Cracklib dictionary:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>sed -i 's@\(DICTPATH.\).*@\1/lib/cracklib/pw_dict@' etc/login.defs</userinput></screen>

      <para>Finally, add <parameter>--with-libcrack</parameter> to the
      <command>configure</command> command below.</para>

    </note>

    <para os="b">Disable the installation of the <command>groups</command> and
    <command>nologin</command> programs and their man pages, as better versions
    of these programs are provided by Coreutils and Util-linux:</para>

<screen os="c"><userinput>sed -i src/Makefile.in \
  -e 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' -e 's/= nologin$(EXEEXT)/= /'
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i \
  -e 's/man1\/groups\.1 //' -e 's/man8\/nologin\.8 //' '{}' \;</userinput></screen>

    <para os="d">Prepare Shadow for compilation:</para>

<screen os="e"><userinput>./configure \
    --sysconfdir=/etc</userinput></screen>

<para os="f">The meaning of the new configure option:</para>

  <variablelist os="g">
    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter>--sysconfdir=/etc</parameter></term>
      <listitem><para>Tells Shadow to install its configuration files into
      <filename class="directory">/etc</filename>, rather than
      <filename class="directory">/usr/etc</filename>.</para></listitem>
    </varlistentry>

  </variablelist>

    <para os="h">Compile the package:</para>

<screen os="i"><userinput>make</userinput></screen>

    <para os="j">This package does not come with a test suite.</para>

    <para os="k">Install the package:</para>

<screen os="l"><userinput>make install</userinput></screen>

    <para os="m" id="shadow-login_defs">Instead of using the default
    <emphasis>DES</emphasis> method, use the more secure
    <emphasis>SHA512</emphasis> method of password encryption, which also allows
    passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change the
    obsolete <filename class="directory">/var/spool/mail</filename> location
    for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename
    class="directory">/var/mail</filename> location used currently. Use the
    following sed command to make these changes to the appropriate
    configuration file:</para>

    <indexterm os="n" zone="shadow-login_defs">
      <primary sortas="e-/etc/login.defs">/etc/login.defs</primary>
    </indexterm>

<screen os="s"><userinput>sed -i /etc/login.defs \
    -e 's@#\(ENCRYPT_METHOD \).*@\1SHA512@' \
    -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@'</userinput></screen>

    <para os="t">Move a misplaced program to its proper location:</para>

<screen os="u"><userinput>mv -v /usr/bin/passwd /bin</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="conf-shadow" role="configuration">
    <title>Configuring Shadow</title>

    <indexterm zone="conf-shadow">
      <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
      <secondary>configuring</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users and
    groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other administrative
    tasks. For a full explanation of what <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis>
    means, see the <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> file within the unpacked source
    tree. If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need to
    verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) must
    be Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with shadowed
    passwords.</para>

    <para>To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:</para>

<screen><userinput>pwconv</userinput></screen>

    <para>To enable shadowed group passwords, run:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>grpconv</userinput></screen>

    <para>To view or change the default settings for new user accounts that
    you create, you can edit <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>. See
    <command>man useradd</command> or
    <ulink url="&cblfs-root;index.php/Configuring_for_Adding_Users"/> for more
    information.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="root-password" role="configuration">
    <title>Setting the root password</title>

    <para>Choose a password for user <systemitem
    class="username">root</systemitem> and set it by running:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>passwd root</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="contents-shadow" role="content">
    <title>Contents of Shadow</title>

    <segmentedlist>
      <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
      <segtitle>Installed directory</segtitle>

      <seglistitem>
        <seg>chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd,
        groupadd, groupdel, groupmems, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv,
        lastlog, login, logoutd, newgrp, newusers, passwd, pwck,
        pwconv, pwunconv, sg (link to newgrp), su, useradd, userdel, usermod,
        vigr (link to vipw), vipw</seg>
        <seg>/etc/default</seg>
      </seglistitem>
    </segmentedlist>

    <variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
      <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
      <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>

      <varlistentry id="chage">
        <term><command>chage</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory
          password changes</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chage">
            <primary sortas="b-chage">chage</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="chfn">
        <term><command>chfn</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to change a user's full name and other information</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chfn">
            <primary sortas="b-chfn">chfn</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="chgpasswd">
        <term><command>chgpasswd</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to update group passwords in batch mode</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chgpasswd">
            <primary sortas="b-chgpasswd">chgpasswd</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="chpasswd">
        <term><command>chpasswd</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to update the passwords of an entire series of user
          accounts</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chpasswd">
            <primary sortas="b-chpasswd">chpasswd</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="chsh">
        <term><command>chsh</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Used to change a user's default login shell</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chsh">
            <primary sortas="b-chsh">chsh</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="expiry">
        <term><command>expiry</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow expiry">
            <primary sortas="b-expiry">expiry</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="faillog">
        <term><command>faillog</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum
          number of failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the
          failure count</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow faillog">
            <primary sortas="b-faillog">faillog</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="gpasswd">
        <term><command>gpasswd</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Is used to add and delete members and administrators to
          groups</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow gpasswd">
            <primary sortas="b-gpasswd">gpasswd</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="groupadd">
        <term><command>groupadd</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Creates a group with the given name</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupadd">
            <primary sortas="b-groupadd">groupadd</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="groupdel">
        <term><command>groupdel</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Deletes the group with the given name</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupdel">
            <primary sortas="b-groupdel">groupdel</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="groupmems">
        <term><command>groupmems</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Allows a user to administer his/her own group membership list
          without the requirement of superuser privileges</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmems">
            <primary sortas="b-groupmems">groupmems</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="groupmod">
        <term><command>groupmod</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Is used to modify the given group's name or GID</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmod">
            <primary sortas="b-groupmod">groupmod</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="grpck">
        <term><command>grpck</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verifies the integrity of the group files
          <filename>/etc/group</filename> and
          <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpck">
            <primary sortas="b-grpck">grpck</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="grpconv">
        <term><command>grpconv</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal
          group file</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpconv">
            <primary sortas="b-grpconv">grpconv</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="grpunconv">
        <term><command>grpunconv</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Updates <filename>/etc/group</filename> from
          <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpunconv">
            <primary sortas="b-grpunconv">grpunconv</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="lastlog">
        <term><command>lastlog</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Reports the most recent login of all users or of a
          given user</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow lastlog">
            <primary sortas="b-lastlog">lastlog</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="login">
        <term><command>login</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Is used by the system to let users sign on</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow login">
            <primary sortas="b-login">login</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="logoutd">
        <term><command>logoutd</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time
          and ports</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow logoutd">
            <primary sortas="b-logoutd">logoutd</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="newgrp">
        <term><command>newgrp</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Is used to change the current GID during a login session</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newgrp">
            <primary sortas="b-newgrp">newgrp</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="newusers">
        <term><command>newusers</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Is used to create or update an entire series of user
          accounts</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newusers">
            <primary sortas="b-newusers">newusers</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="passwd">
        <term><command>passwd</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Is used to change the password for a user or group account</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow passwd">
            <primary sortas="b-passwd">passwd</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="pwck">
        <term><command>pwck</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verifies the integrity of the password files
          <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
          <filename>/etc/shadow</filename></para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwck">
            <primary sortas="b-pwck">pwck</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="pwconv">
        <term><command>pwconv</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal
          password file</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwconv">
            <primary sortas="b-pwconv">pwconv</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="pwunconv">
        <term><command>pwunconv</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Updates <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> from
          <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwunconv">
            <primary sortas="b-pwunconv">pwunconv</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="sg">
        <term><command>sg</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Executes a given command while the user's GID
          is set to that of the given group</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow sg">
            <primary sortas="b-sg">sg</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="su">
        <term><command>su</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow su">
            <primary sortas="b-su">su</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="useradd">
        <term><command>useradd</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default
          new-user information</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow useradd">
            <primary sortas="b-useradd">useradd</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="userdel">
        <term><command>userdel</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Deletes the given user account</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow userdel">
            <primary sortas="b-userdel">userdel</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="usermod">
        <term><command>usermod</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Is used to modify the given user's login name, User
          Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home directory, etc.</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow usermod">
            <primary sortas="b-usermod">usermod</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="vigr">
        <term><command>vigr</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/group</filename> or
          <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vigr">
            <primary sortas="b-vigr">vigr</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="vipw">
        <term><command>vipw</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
          <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> files</para>
          <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vipw">
            <primary sortas="b-vipw">vipw</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>

  </sect2>

</sect1>